Galileo Essay -- essays research papers

Galileo"Whereas Galileo spent his last days under house revert and was formallycondemned by the Church for his scientific views, the elder Darwin was widelyrespected by the Anglican Church and was buried at the Westminster Abbey, anhonor reserved for totally the most illustrious personages of Great Britain. Thereason for the two scientists very different fortunes is simple Galileocouldnt prove the Copernican hypothesis but Darwin was able to demonstrate the right of his theory of evolution." In the world of Galileo proof was what wasneeded to succeed with a scientific hypothesis. In the world of Darwin proofwas not needed for a scientific hypothesis to succeed. There were umteendifferences in the worlds of these two great scientists that lead to thereaction to their respective scientific hypothesize. It was not their beliefsalone that led to their peers views it was also the flair each of them conductedthemselves. Galileo worked his way to become a respected scientist by most ofthe intellectual community but he was also despised by many because of his patronizeground and because of his attitude towards others. Darwin was wellrespected by the intellectual community, but the difference was the way theyconducted themselves when they were dealing with their hypothesizes.Galileos Hypothesis     Galileo was well known for standing up for what he believed in andpushing the things he wanted. He was constantly writing letters and engaging indebates over the return key of Copernicanism. Galileos entire reason for doing thiswas to realise the scientific and religious communities accept that Copernicanismwas actually a fact and that there was enough proof to believe it. One exampleof the way Galileo strongly pushed his beliefs on others was the way he preachedCopernicanism to the people of Rome in 1615. While he was in Rome trying toimprove the churchs opinion of him, Galileo was also debating the Aristoteliansover this issue and beating them at their own game. Because of his naturaltalent for debate and because of his intelligence was able to outwit theAristotelians in these debates. Galileo acted this way because he believed thathe was in a position to make these kinds of statements without getting on thewrong side of the church. These actions show that Galileo was very insistentupon his ideas and upon what othe... ...did not have to be subject to the approval of the CatholicChurch.     Darwin and Galileo were very different men who are both remembered asgreat scientists of their times. While Galileo was condemned for his effortsDarwin was remembered as a hero. This was because of their different methods ofpresenting their ideas. Galileo was a fighter who would not back down from afight until he was pitted against the Vatican and faced with excommunication.He tactics caused many people to despise him in his time, which lead to the banof his set aside on Copernicanism. While Darwin preferred t o work in his home andhave others fight his battles for him. It was because of Darwins passivepromotion of his book that he made very some enemies when compared to Galileo.If Galileo was more like Darwin he may have been better off at the time of hisdeath.     While much of the Copernican theory is know as fact now there is still adebate over Darwinism. This is because it has yet to be proven definitively.Darwin was still honored for his contribution of this theory because he did itin a scientific manner and did not impose his opinion onto others.

Acting and Identity in Sizwe Banzi is Dead and in Death and the Kings

Both Sizwe Bansi is Dead, (written by Athol Fugard in collaboration with John Kani and Winston Ntshona) and Death and the Kings equestrian (written by Wole Soyinka) are both set in South Africa, in two important and significant cultural moment for the country. Swize Bansi is Dead tells the difficult ingenuousness of Africa under apartheid (1950s), analysing the complex issue of identicalness in that time. The rules of Apartheid meant that people were legally classified into a racial group, mainly Black and White, and separated from each others. This discrepancy restricted black people from being able to vote, having medical care, education, or other public services, and if when, in rare cases these were possible, they still were of a lot subordinate compared to what white people were entitled to. Not only Black people were thus deprived of their write as human beings, as persons, but what roughly suggested that theyd lost their identities is that all of them had to have an ide ntity operator book. This item, insert them into a system of figures, where each one of them wasnt identified by a name anymore, they were recognized and registered by a number. This is a very important issue of the play, in fact the focal point is to show us how irrelevant the name and the identity had become for those people. Is your name your identity? And if not, is it possible to maintain a stable and truthful inside identity when deprived of all signs of uniqueness such as your own name?This theme is very much confronted in Sizwe Bansi is Dead. The main character, Sizwe Bansi is forced into talking a terrible decision. Taking a dead mans identity book, wherefore stealing his official identity, to be able to get on with his life and keep in contact with his f... ...the characters show how loosing their write to vote and therefore express their opinion, and especially having to carry an identity booklet all the time ( in force(p) because of the colour of their skin) can gen erate an inside crisis on ones identity. Is our identity determined by our name? Can we change name and be able to keep a stable identity? This play also raises the issue of being actors, just to survive in the society they lived in. Not being able to show their feelings and their disappointment at any time, obliged them to smile, sing, and fake.These issues are also raised in Death and the Kings Horseman, but more with showing how important and determinant our culture is for our personal identity. Thus, living in an era where this one is changing, because of the rough deceitfulness of a new one, can torn ones personality, making them doubt all of their beliefs.

What Are The Major Components Of Biological Membranes And How Do They :: essays research papers fc

What Are The Major Components of Biological tissue layers And How Do They ContributeTo Membrane Function?.Summary.The role of the biological tissue layer has prove to be vital in countlessmechanisms necessary to a cells survival. The phospholipid bilayer performs thesimpler functions such as compartmentation, protection and osmoregulation. Theproteins perform a wider range of functions such as extracellular interactionsand metabolic processes. The carbohydrates are rig in conjunction with boththe lipids and proteins, and therefore enhance the properties of both. This mayvary from recognition to protection.Overall the biological membrane is an extensive, self-sealing, fluid,asymmetric, selectively permeable, compartmental barrier essential for a cell ororganelles correct functioning, and thus its survival.Introduction.Biological membranes surround all living cells, and may also be foundsurrounding many of an eukaryotes organelles. The membrane is essential to thesurvival of a cell due to its diverse range of functions. There are generalfunctions leafy vegetable to all membranes such as control of permeability, and thenthere are specialised functions that depend upon the cell type, such asconveyance of an action emf in neurones. However, despite the diversity offunction, the structure of membranes is remarkably similar.All membranes are composed of lipid, protein and carbohydrate, but it isthe ratio of these components that varies. For example the protein component maybe as high as 80% in Erythrocytes, and as low as 18% in myelinated neurones.Alternately, the lipid component may be as high as 80% in myelinated neurones,and as low as 15% in skeletal muscle fibres.The initial model for membrane structure was proposed by Danielli andDavson in the late 1930s. They suggested that the plasma membrane consisted of alipid bilayer coated on both sides by protein. In 1960, Michael Robertsonproposed the Unit Membrane Hypothesis which suggests that all biologicalmembran es -regardless of location- have a similar basic structure. This has beenconfirmed by research techniques. In the 1970s, Singer and Nicholson announced alimited version of Danielli and Davsons membrane model, which they called theFluid Mosaic Model. This suggested that the lipid bilayer supplies the backboneof the membrane, and proteins associated with the membrane are not fixed inregular positions. This model has yet to be disproved and will therefore be thebasis of this essay.The lipid component.Lipid and protein are the two predominant components of the biologicalmembrane. There are a variety of lipids found in membranes, the majority ofwhich are phospholipids. The phosphate head of a lipid molecule is hydrophilic,while the long fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. This gives the boilersuit moleculean amphipathic nature.

Home Depot vs. Lowes Essay -- Compare Contrast Home Improvement Essays

family line endpoint vs. LowesThe Home Depot CompanyIntroductionHome Depot company offer a wide-cut range of merchandise and services, and serve three primary customer groups do-it-yourself customers, do-it-for-me customers and professional customers. A classic Home Depot store stocks or so 40,000 to 50,000 merchandise items, including variations in color and size. Major product groups include building materials, lumber plumbing, electrical and kitchen hardware and seasonal, and paint, flooring and wall coverings. To balance the national brand epithet products it offers, the Company has formed strategic associations with vendor partners to market products under brand names that are only offered through The Home Depot. As of fiscal closing 2001, the Company offered products under more than 30 proprietary and other exclusive brands, including Thomasville kitchen and bathroom cabinets RIDGID power tools Behr Premium Plus paint Mills Pride cabinets GE SmartWater urine heaters, an d Vigoro fertilizer. (The Home Depot, 2004)Founded in 1978, in Atlanta, Georgia, The Home Depot is the worlds largest home improvement retailer currently operating 1,800 stores, including 1,649 Home Depot stores, 50 expo Design Centers, one Floor Store and three HD Landscape Supply stores in the United States, 84 Home Depot stores in seven Canadian provinces, seven Home Depot stores in Puerto Rico and ten in Mexico. The company reported employees approximately 280,000 people.Business Description / Strategic AnalysisThe Home Depot is recognized as being the leader in the home improvement retail industry by combining the economies of scale inherent in a warehouse format with a level of customer service unparalleled among warehouse-style retailers. (Home Depot to, 1999)Each Home Depot store stocks approximately 40,000 to 50,000 different kinds of building materials, home improvement supplies and lawn and tend products. New Home Depot stores in the U.S. and Canada range from 114,000 s quare feet with an additional 20,000 square foot garden center. The stores have a design center staffed by specialized designers who offer free in-store consultation for home enhancement projects ranging from lighting to computer-assisted design for kitchens and bathrooms.Home Depot offers installation services of select products ranging from single-items such as carpet to mor... ...oro, North Carolina Custom Publication.Norman, A. (2004, Jan). A Citizens View of Home Depot. Retrieved Feb 12, 2005, from http//www.sprawl-busters.com/hometown.htmOur Heritage. (2005, Jan). In Lowes - A Company Understood. Retrieved Feb 12, 2005, from http//www.lowes.com/lkn? achieve=frameSet&url=vocuspr.vocus.com/VocusPR30/DotNet/Newsroom/Query.aspx%253FSiteName=Lowes%2526Entity=PRAsset%2526PublishType=Company+Background%2526Title=Company+Overview%2526XSL=CompanyBackground%2526Cache=TrueReimers, Jane L. (2003). Financial Accounting A Business Process Application. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prenti ce Hall.Securities and metamorphose Commission. (2000). Retrieved Feb 19, 2005, from http//sec.govThe Home Depot Company (2004). The Home Depot Company 2004 Annual Review. Atlanta, Georgia Custom Publication.Home Depot to Implement Cornerstones Java Technology-based Point-of-Sale Software. (1999, Jan). Retrieved Feb 19, 2005, from http//www.360commerce.com/clause.php?article=342§ion=1&tid=77The Home Depot Report Record First Quarter 2004 Earnings. (2004, Mar 18). Retrieved Feb 19, 2005, from http//ir.homedepot.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=135414&ShSect=E

Sanger Rainsford: The Realist Essay -- essays research papers

Sanger Rainsford The RealistThe most dangerous game began as a sport for one man. His name is Sanger Rainsford. In Richard Connells story The Most suicidal Game, Sanger Rainsford, an avid hunter, is lost at sea, stranded on Ship-Trap Island-every sailors worst nightmare. Rainsford goes through a series of events that prove to be life-altering. Even though Sanger Rainsford went through many trials and tribulations, he never lost his intelligence, composure, or his bravery.Rainsford is an intelligent man. Early in the story, Rainsford remembered the shots. They had come from the right, and he doggedly swam in that direction (34). Rainsford had and fallen in the water, swam fifty feet further out, but he kept his senses in the right direction. In total darkness, Rainsford used his intelligence and intellect to setting the land. Also, I dont think that Rainsford knew he was being sized up when Zaroff was staring at him, but when Rainsfords bewilderment showed in his seem (100), he q uickly understood what Zaroff was leading too. Rainsford wasnt a murderer. Sure he liked to hunt game, but he wasnt bored as Zaroff was. Rainsford never bought into all the old tales. One superstitious sailor can taint the whole ships company with fear (20). He never got worked up or stressed out.Rainsford kept his composure. He stood for right and wrong, but was content through dinner. ...

Sanger Rainsford: The Realist Essay -- essays research papers

Sanger Rainsford The RealistThe most dangerous game began as a sport for one man. His name is Sanger Rainsford. In Richard Connells story The Most dangerous Game, Sanger Rainsford, an avid hunter, is lost at sea, stranded on Ship-Trap Island-every sailors worst nightmare. Rainsford goes through a series of events that prove to be life-altering. Even though Sanger Rainsford went through many trials and tribulations, he never lost his intelligence, composure, or his bravery.Rainsford is an intelligent man. Early in the story, Rainsford remembered the shots. They had come from the right, and he doggedly swam in that direction (34). Rainsford had and fallen in the water, swam fifty feet further out, but he kept his senses in the right direction. In total darkness, Rainsford used his intelligence and intellect to do the land. Also, I dont think that Rainsford knew he was being sized up when Zaroff was staring at him, but when Rainsfords bewilderment showed in his slip (100), he quick ly understood what Zaroff was leading too. Rainsford wasnt a murderer. Sure he liked to hunt game, but he wasnt bored as Zaroff was. Rainsford never bought into all the old tales. One superstitious sailor can taint the whole ships company with fear (20). He never got worked up or stressed out.Rainsford kept his composure. He stood for right and wrong, but was content through dinner. ...

How does Act One prepare the audience of Macbeth for the remainder of the play? Essay

William Shakespeares Macbeth is a play rich in imagery with vivid words and phrases that conjure up hornyly charged mental pictures. The musical mode in which William Shakespeare uses contrasting scenes, especially in Act One only makes these images more vibrant. The many soliloquies in Act One illustrate the ways in which Macbeths read/write head is tormented, even, it is also these soliloquies that make the audience feel sympathetic toward Macbeth and thitherfore make the play more tragic when Macbeths character flaws. This emotional hold towards the protagonist created in Act One, makes Macbeth one of William Shakespeares most popular plays not only to modern audiences but also to the 17th century audience.The First Scene prepares the audience for the rest of the play as it shows the witches or the uncanny sisters in an evil light this thought is amplified by the use of howl and lightning. The language that the weird sisters use also readies the audience for the remainder o f the play. The weird sisters speak in riddles and prophesise future events. For example they predict that they entrust meet once again When the hurly-burlys through, When the battle is lost, and won. For a 17th century audience, w here people believed it possible to summon the devil with such riddles, the apprehension that the audience already posses will amplify thus cr consume an anxious atmosphere within the playhouse. Nevertheless this prophecy gives the audience an insight into the remainder of the play and adds suspense as the witches use secluded and menacing words, thus enticing the audience to continue watching.At the end of the scene the weird sisters chant ambiguous words such as bazar is foul, and foul is fair this again gives the audience the impression that possible strange and supernatural events are to come, then further drawing them into the play. The quote also infers that afterward on in the play it will be hard to distinguish between good and deleterious or, alternatively fair and foul. Shakespeare would gull been sensible that the reigning monarch at the time of the plays release, James I had a strange fascination with supernatural events and witches, even participating in the infamous Pendal trance Trial. By pleasing the monarch in this way it would have helped William Shakespeares promotion of the play, therefore helping to popularise it. Another prediction that the witches make is in Act One, Scene Three where they predict great things for MacbethAll hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of CawdorAll hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafterThis prediction is really important for the raiseations of the play, as it prepares the audience for murder and scandal and makes the audience more knowledgeable about whats to come, than some of the characters. It is this dramatic irony that allows the audience to be able to make predictions about subsequent Scenes.The portrayal of the protagonist Macbeth at the start of the First Act is o ne of a heroic, valiant servant to male monarch Duncan. The Captain describes him as For brave Macbeth well he deserves that name. This rather glowing report gives the audience the impression that Macbeth is a loyal servant to the exponent, however the irony is that by the end of the Act he is plotting to commit regicide against Duncan. This contrast in character between courageousness and treachery makes the play gripping and exiting. The really first line that Macbeth says is So foul a fair a day I have not take ton these words seem to echo the chants of the weird sisters in the first scene. This seems to indicate that even having not met each other the witches have a supernatural influence on Macbeth, maybe in his mind and it shows that the weird sisters and Macbeth resemble each other, even at this too soon stage in the play.The words also hint that conflict and insecurity exist in his mind even though he has just won a great battle. This gives the audience a view into Mac beths early thought processes, and this hence readies them for the reminder of the play. When talking about killing the King, Macbeth uses less brutal euphemisms such as the deed, this blow and my intent this infers that Macbeth is not all evil and he wants to think as superficial about the proposed murder of Duncan as possible. This gives the audience the impression that he is not going to be the main scoundrel in the play and suggest that there will be an external influence that pushes him to carry out the murder, as observed by Aristotle in which he lists the ingredients for a tragedy. However the end of Act One prepares the audience for evil things to originate through Macbeth, as in Scene Seven he struggles with his conscience. Evidently bad things do come through Macbeth in the later Acts, in fact in Act Three he saysI am in filiationsteppd in so far, that, should I wade no more,Returning were as tedious as go oerThis tells us that Macbeth has done many terrible deeds and that if he were to go back and right his wrongs it would be as tedious as to go forward and carry on the tyranny. Thus his only option is to go forward to try and claim more glory. This terrible quandary that Macbeth finds himself in could be a bit of early political propaganda that William Shakespeare has slipped into the play to satisfy James I.The purpose of this subtly placed propaganda was to put-off any people who were scheming to commit regicide, at a time where there were many plots to kill the king non-more famous than Guy Fawkes Gunpowder Plot. In the play when Macbeth does kill Duncan unnatural events follow, such as Duncans horses eating each other. Ross recalls the event and says that the horses Turned wild in nature and flung out. This indicates to audiences that killing the King will provoke God to inflict unnatural events upon the earth, therefore inferring that Kings do have a divine right, a view that was firmly believed by James the First.Lady Macbeth is portrayed as a scheming villain who is behind Macbeths murder of the King. The first thing that Macbeths dearest partner of greatness says is all about how to cause the d havefall of Duncan for Macbeths and her own personal gain. She is portrayed as rather a manly figure who has an everyplacepowering role over Macbeth. An example of Lady Macbeths male instincts is seen in Act One Scene Five when she calls on the sprits to unsex her and make he become more manly to assist her plan for Duncans murder..unsex me here And fill me from the crown of the toetopful Of dearest cruelty make thick my bloodThis quote suggests to the audience that Lady Macbeth will be an evil cussed and ruthless character throughout the entire play however ironically later in the text she becomes more conscious of her actions and Macbeth has more control over here. When her conscience returns she hallucinates and believes that she has blood on her hands. This is a massive contrast to what she told Macbeth when he was cl earing the blood from his hands after Duncans murder A little water clears us of this deed. This contrast suggests that she is regretting her earlier actions and is indeed being tormented by them.In the First Act King Duncan is perceived as a gentle, ideal king. For example when talking of Cawdors treachery his words are full of personal regret and he has no malice in them. His language is also full of gratitude for the service Macbeth and Banquo have performed. However ironically because he is so fond of Macbeth he rather naively does not see his murder coming and he is easily fooled by Macbeths and Lady Macbeths welcoming looks and flattery. To back up this point an example of flattery towards the King is when Lady Macbeth repeatedly refers to him as Your majesty which reinforces the idea of loyalty towards the King. The use of language by Lady Macbeth gives the audience the impression that she has a mischievous and wiliness mind hence setting then up for later Acts.To conclude, at the start of Act One William Shakespeare cleverly misleads the audience into believing that the characters have salubrious morals, but as the play progresses we see this to be a faade. The plot becomes exiting for the audience as there earlier assumptions are proved incorrect in later acts. Also William Shakespeares use of juxtaposing scenes, which contrast with each other, often ironically prepares the audience for unexpected and surprising events in the play. The themes of greed, power and conspiracy found in Act One of Macbeth prove to be as relevant for a modern audience as they were for a 17th century one. They have the effect of an audience questioning the limits they would go to, to fulfil there own desires. However by the end of the play these questions should have been answered.

There are many indications within the poetry of Tony Harrison that he considers his work within the context of the canon

Whether one thinks of the canyon as objectionable because formed at random or to avail some interests at the expense of former(a)s, or whether one supposes that the contents of orders are providentially chosen, there can be no doubt that we have not found ways of ordering our thoughts about the history of literature and art without recourse to them. (Kermode, p. 20). In what ways do you believe Tony Harrison to be affected by the canon. Use analyses of the poem to illustrate your answer. There are many indications within the poetry of Tony Harrison that he considers his engage within the context of the canon.The repeated referencing of other poets1 and certified emulation of the form of other poems (v. is an adaptation of Grays Elegy on a Country Churchyard ) suggest that Harrisons work is heavily influenced by other poets, despite his manifestly original style. The way that he uses his referencing is not straightforward, however it could be suggested that the much traditiona l references are ironic, as Harrison contrasts his brash modern style with the more genteel incur of the poets in the canon.The continual allusions to the opposition his poetry has faced, and his subsequent under confidence, can have said to have led to a need for the reassurance of the canon apply the models of other poets to validate the worth of his own poetry. Alternatively, Harrison may feel that the only way to express the voice he wishes to project, that of a working class northerly man with authority is by using the enemys weapons2, and establishing a scholastic side to his work, in order to be taken seriously by the cultural elite.It has been argued that Harrison uses other peoples words and forms to justify his own work that his feeling of social inferiority reveals itself-importance as an insecurity in his poetry3. Whereas in Grays Elegy the last stanza is a contemplation upon the bearing of the poet, filled with a sense of repose, Harrison ends his epic poem v. stil l striving to justify his choice to become a poet.By placing it as a workable occupation alongside other more manual lifestyles, such(prenominal) as the production of the beef, the beer, the bread,4 and anticipating possible reactions How poems can grow from (beat you to it ) SHIT5, Harrison tries to protect himself from derision. Critics tinct the closing stanzas of Elegy on a Country Churchyard to Grays fears about his poetic destiny. Damien dole out states The poet writes conscious of his own possible doom, to be preserved under deep permaverse like any other victim of evolution6, however he is considering Harrisons epitaph.By using a recognised canonical poet such as Gray, Harrison has a model to explore his feelings about his own destiny, investigating his own experiences regarding death taking a short cut home through the sculpture here/ they reassert the glory of their team/ by spraying words on tombstones, pissed on beer7, within a controlled and set form. The way that Harrison himself views the canon determines his reaction, and therefore his poetry. The canon could be construed as an enabling, useful force, giving Harrison ideas and structures to work with8, and Harrison himself admits to the influence of classical authors, such as Milton9.Altieri notes that contemporary writers need to address limited canonical works and engage the same degree of emotional and intellectual energy that canonical works provide10, and Harrison seems to have taken up this mantle, agreeable it with his desire to keep poetry relevant to his experience and therefore, to him, alive. Harrison is not trying to be one of the classical authors he is trying to respond to them in a way that is different but not necessarily inferior11. Indeed, Kermode agrees that the best commentary on any verse is another verse, possibly placed very furthermost away from it.Harrison accepts that he writes from a different world perspective than many of the canonical authors, but to illust rate the similarities he uses similar forms and quotes them, either to show his awareness of their work or his reaction to it. Mute ingloriousness13, for instance, explores the theme of the difficulties of articulation, and is a direct quote from Gray. Harrison uses it to illustrate the difficulties he has found in developing his own poetic voice. Damien Grant draws comparisons between the symbolism in v and erotic images drawn by other, more traditionally established poets.The skinheads addition of a middle slit to one daubed v14 is not an obscenity, it can be argued, but merely Harrison joining a long line of established authors invoking the erotic image to serve customary purposes. 15 Another way of viewing the canon is that of codified by a cultural elite, with power to influence the way the country thinks across a broad range of issues. 16If the canon reflects simply a cultural emphasis, then Harrison should be considered part of that canon, as he is widely taught and studied, to a high level.If, however, the canon is set by the cultural elite, then Harrisons use of some of the more standard forms and obscure classical references may be an attempt to be recognised by this elite, in order to propagate his own cultural emphasis and make his own stance widely known and acceptable. Harrison is provoked by the persecution of an RP face teacher to fight back with the enemys weapons, on the enemys own ground18 So right, ye buggers, then Well occupy/ your lousy leasehold Poetry. 19 Harrison wishes for his voice to be heard, and is not afraid of using techniques supposedly alien to his class to achieve this.Harrison takes canonical influences and makes them seemingly more accessible to a wider cross section of society, introducing more modern themes such as the problems of the Thatcher era. This is in part to make poetry more relevant and acceptable to those he seeks the approval of the most the uneducated and the cynical, such as his parents. Catherine Packham suggests that the canon may seem oppressive and intimidating to Harrison his feeling of insecurity may have led him to feel that all of the timeless themes that he wishes to cover have been explored extensively, by people who are better educated and suitable to be poets20.Harrisons poetry is full of the issue of self doubt and self worth Poetrys the speech of kings. Youre one of those/ Shakespeare gives the comic bits to prose 21 , and seems at times to want to distance his writing from the recognisable canon to show a overture of attitudes and innovation, and perhaps attempting to demonstrate that he is not competing with the established canon. This can be seen in the fact that of the many versus couplings in v. , a major one is that of Harrisons transformation versus Grays. The very title of another poem, On Not Being Milton, shows that Harrison is aware of the canon and embraces his differences to it, but the poem itself, with its lyricism and innovative use of language in fact recalls the epic poetry of Milton himself this is an irony that the poet seems to enjoy. Harrison obviously appreciates the fine crafting of established authors, and wishes to learn from them, whilst staying true to his earthy subject matter.The touch of some of the word handling may hint at Miltonesque heights, but the subject matter of a man returning to his roots (my growing black enough to fit my boots22) and the outsider becoming a hero (Tidd the Cato Street Conspirator), with his Sir, I Ham a Very Bad Hand at Righting23 indicates that Harrison believes that education is not everything this, in a poem littered with reference to historical figures and epic literature, hints at play. The theme of articulation is prevalent24 Harrison is concerned with the way things are said, and who they are said by, as he is aware of the impact that other works have had upon him.It would be impossible to ascertain exactly what sway the canon has had upon Harrisons poetry nevertheless, if we a re to referee his work within the context of the canon, then we must consider his literary intentions. We must ask whether his intentions are to be considered within the same school of those that he references and quotes so copiously, or if in fact these references were designed to show the vast differences between their worlds. I believe Harrison to be stuck in between the two worlds, but supremely in command.He is aware that to gain a recognition as a poet, certain rules must be followed and he adapts these rules to suit his own purposes. Harrison incorporates enough traditional ideas and forms not his work to stay credible, but he fills his poetry with subjects and contexts unfamiliar to the cultural elite. These are the subjects and contexts that he wishes to bring into the public arena and make issues of, and by taking on the timeless element of the canonical works, Harrison ensures that he pushes poetry forward into unfamiliar territory, and to unfamiliar readers.

Child Protective Services Essay

Ice drug users in the state of Hawaii, estimated to have reached 30,000 in 2003, were spending as oftentimes as $1. 8 jillion every year to maintain their addiction in what has been referred to by U. S Attorney Ed Kubo as the highest usage of icing the puck in the kingdom. (Sinq, 2003) Ice refers to methamphetamine, a strong, extremely addictive stimulant which could be introduced to the body by smoking, sniffing, oral ingestion, or injection and affects the nervous system. (Drug-Rehabs. org, n. d. )The subject was believed to have been discovered in japan neartime in 1919 and was actually used as a nasal decongestant in 1932. It was manufactured legally as non-medical tablets in the United States, taking the compliance of dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) and methamphetamine (Methedrine). It rapidly became a favorite among athletes, university students, and even long distance truck drivers people who need to stay alert for long periods of time. An injectable solve was develo ped during the 1960s but was subjected to severe restriction under the Controlled Substance Act of 1970.(Drug-Rehabs. org. n. d. ) Today, Prosecutor Peter Carlisle of Honolulu said that adult people in Hawaii have been turning to wish-wash instead of alcohol in fact the highest bout of adult ice-users (by state) in the entire country is make up in the state of Hawaii. In Honolulu, it was estimated that about 38% of all those arrested for various offenses have been found positive for methamphetamine. Moreover, while the average rate of sentenced methamphetamine traffickers for the entire country in 2001 was placed at 14%, the rate for Hawaii had been 51%.(A Message from Honolulu Prosecutor Peter Carlisle, 2007) This only means one social occasion ice trafficking in Hawaii has grown to be a very flourishing industry, which, to some people, indicates that ice abuse has already reached epidemic proportions in the state. As a matter of fact, recorded deaths attributed to methampheta mine use have also been steadily on the rise since 2000 when 34 persons were believed to have died from using the substance. In 2001, the number rose to 54 then climbed to 62 in 2002 before decreasing slightly to 56 deaths during the year 2003.In 2004, ice-related deaths rose again to 68 and as of the middle of May 2005, there were already 38 ice-related deaths in the state of Hawaii. tally to Dr. Kanthi De Alwis, Chief Medical Examiner of Honolulu, majority of deaths from ice were due to the substances effect on the human brain and heart. He said that ice weakens and enlarges the heart, and blocks the coronary arteries. In some of the cases, Alwis said, blood enters the brain, killing the ice user almost instantly. (Drug-Rehabs. org, 2005)User death did not prove to be the only adverse effect of the ice epidemic on Hawaiian society. A much more damaging consequence had been its effect on children. In fact it was observed that although abuse of alcohol and illegal drugs also result ed to fractured families, ice addiction had prove to be more powerful and destructive, consuming parents lives so quickly that experts placed it in a class of its own. (Dayton, 2003b) As of 2003, almost 85% of the 7,000 children who were under sustain care were children of ice users.Most of these children were traumatized. They also showed signs of being angry and were often destructive in their ways, aside from the fact that most of them lagged in their school work. legion(predicate) of them have expressed their belief that their parents abandoned them either because something was very wrong with them, or their parents simply stopped loving them. If left unattended, experts feared that these children might end up as substance abusers themselves.At the very least, they are expected to suffer from the long-term effects of living with constant violence and chaos in the family. This is what some health professionals are trying to prevent, according to Jack Maynor who works as a chi ld counselor in a spouse-abuse shelter. (Dayton, 2003a) In many cases, children were disordered from their parents because of the parents addiction to ice. Families where either or both parents are ice addicts are characterized by violence, child abandonment, or both.Peggy Hilton of the East Hawaii Child Welfare operate said that there are people who become totally addicted to methamphetamine in only a matter of a couple of weeks. She explained that ice is characterized by extreme levels of domestic violence and that after a binge, ice users crash and can sleep for days, leaving the children in the house to fend for themselves. According to officials of the Child Protective Services, they are separating up to forty children from their parents every month due to ice addiction in the Big Island alone. (Dayton, 2003b)The effect of parents addiction to ice among Hawaiian children has been very extensive. Professionals working with children of methamphetamine abusers often talk about the depressing experiences of these children. James Jolliff, a clinical psychologist from Waimea, recalled working with a girl who found her ice addict father hanging from a tree in their backyard in an attempt to kill himself. He said that while her father was carry through from that suicide attempt, the girl was traumatized and would remain to be so for a long time to come. (Dayton, 2003a)

Boy at the Window Poetry Analysis Essay

In the rime Boy at the Window, Richard Wilbur uses vision, tone, and theme to show what his purpose in this poem is. At the end of the poem, the author wants the reader to understand that we should not feel bad or sad nearly something that we dont understand. Richard Wilburs use of imagery in the poem helps us to understand his purpose of this poem. The stanzas in the poem paint two completely pictures in your head when you read them. The first stanza makes you verify the snowman as a blue object that is always lonely.The second stanza paints the picture of the snowmans view of the lower-ranking child who is sad about something that he does not understand. In the first stanza, the poem is showing how the little male child sees the snowman standing all alone and returns him such a Godforsaken stare. The little boy sees the snowman as lonely and creates a depressing image of the snowman in your head. In the second stanza, you hear the snowmans view of the little child in the wi ndow and how the little boy does not understand. The snowman is shown as sad in the second stanza, but not because the little boy does not understand that the snowman is happy outside.It is because the little boy should not be sad when he is warm inside his home, surrounded by love, but yet so frightened and moved about the snowman being alone (such warmth, such light, such love, and so much fear). So the author creates a really dandy sense of imagery throughout the poem because of how you see the snowman at first, then the picture in your head changes when you hear the other side of the story. The author also had a great tone throughout this poem as he shows us his purpose and his theme that people should not be sad or fear something if they do not understand it.The tones of the stanzas vary or differ when you go from to the second stanza. In the first stanza, the tone is sad or deeply upset because of the explicate choice that the poet uses. When the boy weeps, you get the feeli ng of sadness and that the boy is not happy. Also, the childs sight is exposit as tearful and his reach described as hardly which are intelligence agencys use to describe saddening events. The snowman is seen as a pale-faced figure and is compared to the outcast Adam. These words are not used to describe a happy or content situation, and they are describing a sad view of a snowman.In the second stanza, the tone is happier, but not completely joyous or happy. The snowman is nonetheless, content so he is not sad being outside or being all alone. The snowmans oculus is seen as soft and his tear is seen as a trickle of the purest rain. When you use the word purest it doesnt relate to sad or happy events because the word describes a neutral event. The poet creates a great tone throughout the entire poem, which is sad for the first stanza and kind of neutral for the second stanza.Using imagery, tone, and theme throughout the poem Boy at the Window, Richard Wilbur shows that you shouldn t feel bad or get upset about something that you do not understand. The authors use of imagery in the poem is what paints a wonderful picture in your head as you read, and that helps you to understand the authors purpose. Tone plays a big role in the poem also because of the way you get to hear the different sides to the story and how that impacts the authors purpose and how its portrayed. This poem was very well written and did a very good job of using literary elements to portray the authors purpose and the theme.

Estrangement: Political Philosophy and Good Life Essay

Chapter two of Glenn Tinders, Political Thinking The Perennial Questions on estrangement and unity asks us whether we as hu parts argon estranged in essence. This question really sets the tone for the rest of the book, because if hu human beingss atomic number 18 estranged then we would not be sustainment together in societies, therefore not occupying policy-making science to answer such questions that deal with societies. As Tinder describes it, politics is the maneuver of reconcilliation, and that the need for this art always arises from some kind of estrangement(23).Tinders point does not answer the question of whether or not we are truly estranged in essence, that would be to easy It merely suggests that with humans living in societies estrangement arises, not that we are estranged in essence. By deffinition estrangement signifies alienation a separation from hostility. And it is derrived from the latin word extraneare to treat as a stranger. So do humans by nature treat others as strangers, are they alienated from one another at there core?Tinder attempts to show us two such philosophers who would show us the two sides of this product line so that we may gain clarity and decide the essence of humans with the knowledge of great thinkers as our foundation. Those two great thinkers are Aristotle who believes that humans are not estranged, and Thomas Hobbes who subscribes to the idea that humans are estranged in essence. So with these two thinkers as the backbone of this debate we can get to the pot of the question at hand. The seminal philosopher in the argument that humans are not estranged is Aristotle.In Politea, Aristotle states that .. by nature man is a political animal. Hence man have a go for for life together, even when they have no need to seek each others help. Nevertheless, roughhewn interest too is a factor in bringing them together, in so far as it contributes to the good life of each. The good life is thus their chief end, both c ommunally and individually but they form and continue to maintain a political association for the sake of life itself. Perhaps we may say that there is an element of good even in mere living, provided that life is not excessively beset with troubles.Certainly most men, in their desire to keep a last, are prepared to face a great deal of suffering, as if finding in life itself a certain well-being and a natural sweetness. (Aristotle, Politics Book II) If man indeed is a political animal, and our commmon interest does bring us together in the hopes of having the good life or eudeamonia then it seems somewhat impossible be estranged in essence. For, by the deffinition aforementioned of being estranged man would not and surely could not live together, and certainly not for institutions to keep those bonds strong.Afterall who in their right mind would enjoy or choose living in a state of hostility. Aristotle would almost certainly dissapprove of this version of nature. Living in a state of hostility for him would be almost a tyrannical form of life with fear as the tyrant itself. Since Aristotle ultimately approves of a Monarchy aiming at the common interest he admits that humans do suffer from feelings of estrangement but that a single outstanding man (or small group) can, through reason, render useless feelings of estrangement in a society by way of distributive justice.Meanwhile, Thomas Hobbes asserting his viewpoint of pre-political man as a war, of every man against every man (Leviathan) he has little faith that man is not estranged. Hobbes alleges that the life of a man in his pre-political condition is, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short(Leviathan) which certainly indicates a level of hostility that would prevent, even condemn, man to be able to live together in a society. In Hobbes world evrery man would be in constant fear of other men taking from them their freedom to do whatever they please and their liberty to live.Hobbes essentially implies t hat man in the state of nature is in such a horrible condition that we actually seek peace through coming together under a affectionate contract. Hobbes suggests that to get out of the state of nature that men must build a leviathan (government) that can sustain a social contract. Since Hobbes has such little faith in us to rule ourselves democratically, he suggests that an commanding elected monarchy would best suit us.This is an interesting choice because, he implys that we need a single man who can rule absolutely to battle forms of estrangement. In other words if we were left to our own devices with out the control of an absolute monarch we would kill ourselves. Fear has a lot to do with estrangement because people who are estranged live in fear of hostility from strangers. Hobbes is quoted as saying fear and I were born twins. Since fear is spawned from estrangement it is easy to see how Hobbes would not trust human nature in whatsoever sense of the word.

Importance on English Language Essay

In countries like Pakistan, with people of various cultures live, the spoken communications of each part of the country also differ. English can be the only link as people in each place will not be able to learn all the other languages to decease with the people. English bridges this gap and connects the people. When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of business or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, English is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is like a universal language.The presence of English as a universal language assumes importance in the fact that more and more people leave their countries not only for the sake of business and pleasure, but also for studying. Education has increase the role of English. People who go to another country to study can only have English as their medium of study. This is because the individual will not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This again reinforces the fact that the English language is very important.Read more Importance of English essayAll correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries are in English. This linking component also tells of the importance of the English language. In spite of the growth of the Internet in various languages, English is the mainstay of the Internet users. This is the language in which nigh of the information and websites are available. It is very difficult to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized.The future of English as a language is very secure. The day is not far when this language will become the single language of the world like we have a single currency.

The Wanting Seed

In Anthony Burgess The Wanting Seed, the story starts off, in what is known to the main character, Tristram, as the Pelphase. Tristram is a history teacher and knows mostly all there is to know about history. According to Tristram, governments go through three phases the Pelphase, the Interphase, and the Gusphase. Tristram believes that like nearly everything else, government is cyclical. The Pelphase is a time in the government and society where the people are working to better themselves, their surroundings and their country.The people dont still work for themselves they work together. Overpopulation has always been a problem in the futuristic capital of the United Kingdom that Burgess portrays. God has become a myth even though some still practice their religion. God has turned into some sort of Santa Clause because everyone is working to better the problems that they and the government are having. The government suggests that homosexuality could serve well the population trou bles, but they dont enforce it or make it law.People fork over the choice to have children or be homosexual. The government custody out rations of food every week because the crops arent growing and overpopulation is so prevalent. The rations are just enough to keep the people full and content. When the government realizes that vigor is working out and the crops still wont grow and overpopulation is still a giant problem, they give up the current ways and move on to fresh ways of governing. This brings the Interphase along. The Interphase is black and white compared to the Pelphase.It is a transition phase where things must be broken in order to fix them. When the government realized that talent people the choice to have children or be homosexual isnt working in everyones favor and the crops are still arent growing, they make it mandatory to either be gay or have only one child and in addition to that the food rations have gotten smaller. Police (Greyboys) walked the mystify in large groups looking for people that were opening laws or people that werent. Taking them to jail for nothing was fine with the Greyboys.Innocent people were thrown in jail and kept in jail just by being in the wrong place at the wrong time. With all of the growing passion towards the Greyboys and the government, people start to question and revolt. Nobody wants to go hungry the straights dont want to go gay the families dont want to break up. The Interphase didnt last too long because of how badly the citizens felt about it. People were rising against the government and demanding their rights back. The government couldnt take the pressure so they just ended up doing nothing.They literally did nothing. They left it up the people. With that decision came the Gusphase. The Gusphase was a wild and crazy time. People were going crazy in the streets, killing and looting. The government had no control over anything anymore. Hungry groups of people started attacking and cooking up Greyb oys. They were creating exclusive cannibalistic dining clubs and taking part in intense orgies. The government lost so much of the control it once had, all of the prisons were emptied and the prisoners rate free.With so much chaos going on, people were laboured to fend for themselves and it became survival of the fittest. During all of the madness, priests and bishops were aloud to preach the word of their God again and that is what people held on to in this time of madness. The Gusphase, just like the Interphase, didnt last long. The government eventually regained control of the population and things were back to the way they started, Pelphase. In the Pelphase after the horrible Gusphase, things were different than before.People were now aloud to have children and homosexuality wasnt pressured upon the people. On the surface, it seemed as if the government has learned from their mistakes but under the surface things have taken a very deadly turn. The troops had most of the contr ol in the government now. The army went town to town tricking people into joining the army. After the people went through long and rigorous cooking they were sent off to the front lines in western Ireland. They werent fighting the Irish however they were fighting other British men and women.The government set up elaborate shows to pretend that there was a war and when it came down to the actual battle the two sides of British would clash in a spread over death match. At the end of the fight, officers from the army, who were in on the whole scheme, executed the survivors so know one would find out about their evil thought of population control. Thanks to Tristrams smarts and instincts, he was able to survive. He made his way back to the army headquarters and told them that he k sweet the whole plot. They didnt invent him any mind, gave him his discharge check, and sent him on his way.He ended up going back to where he started before all of the crazy times London experienced in th e past couple of years. He landed a job as a war history teacher and bought a new flat with his discharge money. After he was settled he found Beatrice-Joanna and his twin sons. Things finally came full circle for Tristram. In may ways, Tristrams transit was a lot like the phases that the government went through. He had endured the brunt of each phase. He experienced the worst that each phase had to offer a human being. He survived and lived happily again.

Prison Violence Essay

Prison rage is slightlything that has been an ongoing problem and can be seen in many contrasting forms. It happens in work force, woman and juvenile facilities. The level of frenzy and severity can differ but it is every(prenominal) categorized as prison fury and has become an increasingly major issue on the U.S. It is fail-safe to say people tend to believe manlys atomic number 18 much than pr iodine to violence making violence in antheral prisons have higher judge than womanly prisons. nigh research indicates wo manpower prisoners, un want men prisoners, do non engage in physical violence (Trammell 2009). They engage in relational violence which is standardized gossiping and sp exercise rumors to make apiece different determine isolated and outcast. Another fictitious character is versed violence such(prenominal) as assault/rape/harassment experiences reported by both(prenominal) male and feminine prisoners. Male sexual violence involves more force due to t he fact of bearing and more aggressiveness which is male nature. Male prisoners argon subjected to more physical injury and have more excessive force employ on them so in return the level of aggressiveness is heightened. This is a main constituent as to wherefore they try to stop creation victims and become the perpetrators and also why violence evaluate are higher in male prisons.The third issue that digests in the consciousness which gender has higher violent rates in prison is prisoner confrontations and the search for respect. From all of the factors this factor is very unique because it deals with the physiological naval division of violence. Furthermore, this issue is very important because it shows that physical straight is not the further thing that contributes to violence in prisons, but the psychological factor has a parcel out to do with it as well. Research has make that prisoners engage in violence for varies reason. I addition, prisoners who have a authori tative and a stable social interaction tend to engage the least in fights. On the other hand those who have weak and problematic social interaction have more fights with others prisoners (butler, 2008). In addition, Butler (2008) pointed out found that prisoners that engage in act violence tent to think they have to call forth their masculinity by showing their aggression. Furthermore, these types of prisoners have the psychological need to defend this personal identity.Theses prisoners go out react taught when they feel that they are being ostracized, embarrassed, or disrespected. This issue relates to the topic because depending how the inmates feels, the rate of violence can go up or it can come down. The Butler (2008) withdraw presented reasons as to why domale prisoners are violent in prison. In contract it illustrated what are some of the reason why might male prisons have more violent rates than distaff prisons.Victimization ratesResearch done by Wolff, Blitz, Shi and Si egel (2006) found that similar data to other studies. They point out that inmate on inmate sexual victimizations were higher in women prisons than men prisons during the first 6 months of research. Furthermore, nonsensical sexual acts (e.g. forced sex acts) were not as common as abusive sexual contact (e.g. intentional exciteing), between prisons and staff in the correctional facility. In addition, the scholars point out that depending on the rates of victimization that is how violent the inmate will become. It all depends on which gender is being victimized. In this lease the prison staff was victimizing the males.SimilaritiesAll of the articles I use to answer the research question had similar foundings. In addition, all of the empirical articles I found contributed to finding an answer to my research question, which made the date very relevant. However, there were differences and similarities between literatures. Some of the similarities were that most of the articles used a larger size sample of the male prisoners than for the female prisoners in their research. However, with the expulsion of Trammell (2008) champaign since it only dealt with female prisoners. Another similarity I found was between Wolff, Shi, and Siegel (2009) and Wolff, Shi, and Bachman (2009) both of these study used the homogeneous sample size, 12 adult correctional facilities and one female adult correctional facility. In addition, both studies collected their data in the same state. Furthermore, both study used the same method of research, which was using the Administered Survey Instruction (CASI) to collect their data. Furthermore, the other empirical literature I used anonymous written assessments, interviews and self-narratives to gain their data (Butler, 2008)Relationship to researchAll of the scholarly articles I used for this write up were related to one another. Whether it was in a psychological way, victimization rates, respect in prison, or relational violence. All of these issues tied up nicely toanswer the research question. Wolff et all (2006), Wolff et all (2009) and Wolff et al (2008) studies can be put together because they all focused on the rates of victimization in prisons and how it affects the inmates. All of the articles found that depending on the rates of victimization of the behalf of the male and female prisoners, it will show how such(prenominal) aggression the prisoner will engage in. Furthermore, they found that the prison staff victimizes men unlike women As a consequence the men get in to more fights, which increase the violent rates in male prisons. Research indicates that male inmate have the physiological idea that they need to protect their identity in prison.As a consequence this leads the prisoners to get into more confrontations with other prisoners and with staff at times. In addition, when male inmates feel that they are being embarrassed or ostracized they will act aggressively. However, female inmates are compl etely opposite instead of physical altercations they will engage in gossip to smart each other (Butler, 2008) Trammell (2008) research only was based on women correctional facilities, which made it very unique and monumental to my paper. Most of the scholarly articles I found were only based on men prisons, but this study focused only on what type of violence is females more consistent with, which was spreading rumors. The theme that is being discussed in this paper is comparing the violent rates between women and men prisons. However, relational violence is not included in the rate of violence unlike aggression is.As a result this lowers the rates of violence in the female prisons. Research conducted Johnson and Johnson (2006) compared the sexual compulsion experience between male and female prisons. This factor contributes to the violent rates in correctional facilities. The scholars found that depending on how many experiences of sexual obsession the prisoners take part of, th e more it leads to violence making him or her perpetrator. This study also found that men are face more violence sexual coercion compared to women. Consequently the rates of violence in male prisons rise up.DiscussionAll empirical research provided good data analyses that collaborates with the foundings. In my opinion the most interesting article I found during my research was the study conducted m Johnson and Johnson (2009) because this study point out that sexual coercion is more commend in male prisons ratherthan female prisons. Before doing the research I always thought it was the other way around. My original thoughts about this information I researched were that it was good information to answer the research question. During my research I was trying to find some variables that can help explain what encourages both male and female prisoners to engage in violence. I take with most of the empirical information I found. All of the articles had something in commend for example, th e number male prisons that took part in the study and/or the sample sizes. In addition, as I kept on reading the literature all of the data found were corroborated.Furthermore, all of the scholars found similar information such as, male are more aggressive because they have to go through more violent sexual coercion and as a consequence they fight to protect their masculinity. except all of the information I found has important key issues that proved that male prisoners have more violent rates than female prisons. As a result, all of the articles contribute in answering the research question. However, what I didnt like about the empirical articles is that the scholars hardly research female prisons. For example, the scholars would use 12 male prisons and only one female prison to compare their violent rates. In my opinion this is extremely unfair because the researcher collects more data for male inmates and not enough for female inmates. Moreover in order, to have more applicable information there needs to be the same number of male and female prisons studied. What I rook doing this research is that in female prisons rape is very rare.However, this does not necessary mean that female prisoners do not engage in any sexual activities. Research indicated that instead of actual force penetration, the inmates touch breasts and generals. Furthermore, female prisoners do not get molested buy the staff, but rather by the other prisoners (Trammell, 2009). Moreover what I also learn from this research is that females engage in trash talking and spreading rumors to impairment the other prisoners. Before doing this paper I thought that female inmates engage in physical fights like male inmates, but to my surprise they rather spread rumors. Some female inmates reported that spreading rumors hurt more than actual punches. Furthermore, I learn that female inmates fight over guards. They treat the guarders has their boyfriends this gives them extra privileges such as, bet ter jobs and more food. In addition, if the female seeing other female flirting with her boyfriend(guard) she willspread rumors about that female to get her in trouble. (Trammell, 2009)ConclusionThe topic being discussed in this paper was the rate of violence in male and female prisons. All of the empirical articles that I found contribute in finding the answer to my research question. Furthermore, the main focus of this paper was to report if the rates of violence were higher in male or female prisons and why that was the case. After doing all of the research, I found that men prisons have higher violent rates of violence rather than women prisons. It was proven that a lot of variable contribute to higher rates of violence in men prisons such as males on a lower floor go more sexual coercion, have high rates of victimization, and they look to gain respect in prison.Moreover overall the articles regarding this topic were adjuvant and applicable. In addition, the articles illustrat ed the variable of why? How? , And when? do prisoners engage in violence and how does this raise the violent rates in the correctional facility. Even though all of the studies were helpful in writing this paper, more research should be performed regarding this topic. There should be more research that only focuses on female inmates. This can give the general public a better understanding on female prisons. In addition, it can inform on what type of violence female inmates engage in with more detail.LimitationI was only allowed to use six empirical articles to answer my research question. In addition, none of my friends or family members has spend time in prison. So I was not able to interview someone that has witness violence while in prison. Furthermore , in all of the literature I found authors focused more in the male prison rather then the female prisons. As a consequence this could off manipulate the data that indicates that male prisoners engage in more violence. I think if th e authors would of concentrate in male and female prisons equally the findings would off probably show that the rates of violence for both male and female inmates are somewhat the same.

Rock ‘N’ Hip, Hop ‘N’ Roll, and the Integration of Music

From bell bottoms to Barbies, every generation has its own obvious trends. While various fads maintain cropped up in each era, practice of medicine has always been a reveal element of civilization. Starting in the 1950s, music became integrated within the the Statesn shade as the raise form of expression. The fashionable types of music found on the Top 100 lists today however, hold in revisiond dramatically since then. What has promoted this obvious change in music choice? While carry n cockle slake holds its own in the music billboards of 2010, the general public now prefers the mechanical sounds of hip hop and polish.So which trends in music and in view made the rebellious disputation n roll a lot(prenominal) a craze in the 1950s, but not now? Each era has had specific trends, schools of impression and attitudes that have veered them into a specific genre of music. stonein Out Before 1950, the Ameri mickle culture held firm favorable expectations. Males were exp ect to enroll into the military or work, and women were expected to stay in the kitchen. America was pulling protrude of the depression, and wealth and prosperity was not considered a necessity. As the United States prevailed in World War II however, America started to change startlingly.While many people were focused on conforming with their neighbors, the social body structure was revolutionized. Soldiers returned, many experiencing traumatic psychological and tangible problems. Women who had integrated themselves into the work force now found themselves replaced by returning soldiers. Most importantly, families started experiencing a great deal of economic independence. This change magnitude affluence gave teenagers a circumstances to break outdoor(a) from their p arents lifestyles. Teens started creating their own clothing trends, dance fads, and hairstyles (Cox).As these new fads and styles starting breaking off from social norms, rock n roll became the sound of change. C onservative parents viewed rock n roll, and the hip gyrations that came with it, as a gift from the devil. Despite their parents protestations however, teenagers idolized musicians like Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Elvis. So what made rock n roll the epitome of 1950 culture? Four recording companies-Decca, R. C. A. , Columbia and Capital-had a virtual monopoly all everywhere the popular music field in the early 1950s. This control made rock n roll wildly popular, simply because there was no competition (Lewis 47).As the 1950s went on, their control weakened, yet rock n roll still prevailed as the dominant music genre. A contributing factor to its increase popularity was the lack of musicians being schooled in theory, technique and composition. Rock n roll paved a opulent road for a small, charismatic group of people. They provided music rapidly to the Ameri plenty public, without having to compose masterpieces rivaling the music of Bach, Liszt and Debussy. Rock n roll also crea ted an easy and fun way to express complex feelings with walloping rhythms and twisting ostinato patterns.Simon Anderson explains, The amplified bass seems to produce a kind of second-level rumble, a subsidiary moaning and groaning, an incantation of the adolescent subculture, where no one really knows or cares how they feel about life. This incantation of the adolescent subculture spoke to the class, gender and racial conflicts tearing through America at the measure. Rock n roll introduced the American white culture to black music. Teenagers soon became addicted to the rhythm and blues and rock n roll, all of which was black-inspired. The crossing of racial culture helped the disintegration of the color line.Appreciation of black music helped increase recognition of blacks in popular culture (Bertrand). Though the rhythms and beat of rock n roll spoke to the carefree teenager life, a lot the lyrics promoted conventional values and strength in relationships. 83. 4% of songs i n 1955 were love ballads in the conversational agency (Carey 723). Most songs told of l all overs, yearning for each other in some type of sense. This theme reflects the attitudes of teenagers in the 1950s, as this was the first generation people were allowed to marry for love. Women had more freedom to travel into the workplace and finally be on equal grounds with their husbands.Husbands did not have to leave their wives for war. Children had more autonomy as parents no longer dictated who and when they were going to love. However, as this freedom was increasingly integrated into American culture over time, the amount of love partaked songs dramatically dropped. In 1966, only 69. 5% of produced songs were about love and cause (Carey 723). Rock n roll provided the perfect form of expression in the 1950s. It combined lyrical ties to understructure social changes and catchy rhythms unique to its generation. Whats Hip Now? The change tearing through America in the 1950s persists to this day. 2010 has brought a busier, more materialistic, culture than ever sooner.The trends of women working outside of the home and increasing teenage autonomy persists. American teenagers are given more discretionary time than ever before in history. Reed Larson studied this continuing trend and explains, If we look back over the past two hundred years, the most striking historic change in young peoples use of time is that youths spend much less time on labor activities today than they did in Americas agrarian past (160). Some teenagers use this newfound source of time dedicated to structured self-imposed activities such as sports, theatre, work, etc. others dedicate escalating amounts of time to mind-numbing entertainment.And with hundreds of new forms of mass media, it is hard to not stay at caught up in the technology tornado sweeping through the nation. The endless barrage of t. v. , facebook, internet sites, music, iPhones and iPods, video and computer games can easily overwhelm the distracted teenager. Mass media however, is not promoting enlightening or uplifting ideas or values. Instead, popular music now screams lyrics advocating ridiculous displays of wealth, substance abuse and the need for physical love.Top rated songs like Billionaire, Raise Your Glass, and Low are all examples of this. Misogynistic rap lyrics have become a dominant feature in the work of several artists. Often in hip-hop and pop music, women advert as mindless props or accessories to be doused with expensive champagne or to shake their half-naked bodies to repetitive beat and sexist lyrics (Murry 6). In Eminems recent hit to I Love the Way You Lie, his stomach verse reads, Im tired of the games/ I just want her back/ I know Im a prevaricator/ If she ever tries to f***ing leave again/ Imma tie her to the bed/ And set the house on fire.Songs like this expressing control over women physically, sexually and emotionally predominate popular culture. How did songs depictin g such unrealistic and unchaste ideals become the rage in American teenage culture? Perhaps it is hip-hops diligent presence in pop culture. For the last two decades, hip-hop has prided itself on being misunderstood it lacks soupiness and is not easily thwarted by moralizing efforts (Murray 8). And for the last two decades, American teenagers have prided themselves on being misunderstood, and have not been easily thwarted by moralizing efforts.A mass culture trend has changed communication from the sincerity of face to face conversation to the simplicity of texting and Facebook. This has lead to a hang in senti psychicality and an increase in misunderstandings between people. Moral beliefs practiced by preceding generations have also disappeared. Ethics such as chastity, honesty and virtue have become unfashionable and undesirable. The change in lyrics from conventional love ballads in the 1950s to the focus on money and sexual prizes reflects the changes in behavior and schools of thought throughout the generations.Lyrical Art The lyrics found in any genre of music influences the emotions of the discoverer (Krumhans 45). Martina McBrides pop hit Concrete Angel is a fantastic example of emotion correlating with song lyrics. The heart-wrenching song tells the story of an little girl who is killed because of physical abuse in her home. The chorus reads, by means of the wind and the rain she stands hard as a stone/ In a world that she cant rise above/ But her dreams give her wings and she flies to a place/ Where shes loved/ Concrete Angel. Though the melody, key, tension or dynamics help create an emotional show throughout this song, the lyrics were what made this song so emotionally knock-down(a). Concrete Angel acquires its emotional meaning through the association of level(p)ts that the general audience can relate too. Though the majority of the attenders will not have experienced physical abuse first hand, they can sympathize because they are aware of the emotional, physical and mental damage violence incurs. Musicians know of the power lyrics hold.Lyrics can tell stories that make hearts melt, enlighten schools of thought never explored before, or create strong physical reactions. But lyrics that the majority of the public can relate to, sell better. This is the reason why the general themes songs have expressed have changed so dramatically over the last sixty years. The teenagers in 1950 were just starting to experience economic prosperity and free love. To listen to music completely revolving around money and sex would be crossing a line they hadnt invented yet.And the youth in 2010 will not easily relate to ballads focused around falling in love with that one person because most are not looking for one person to love. some(prenominal) the love-bound lyrics of the 1950s and the materialistic lyrics of pop songs today accurately reflect the culture they predominate. Rhythm n blues Several other factors influence what makes cultural music popular. Lyrics must be in a puritanical combination of rhythm, harmony, key, dissonance, tension and dynamics for a song to reach its full potential. Even the untrained ear can distinguish feelings associated with the mode of the piece.Major, fast paced songs are associated with happy feelings era minor, slow, soft songs are correlated with sad feelings. Dissonant, unstable, tense songs often invoke feelings of fear. These feelings can all be present without powerful lyrics. Much of the worlds music is instrumental, and most of these create powerful emotion in the listener (Krumahns 48). So which musical factors specifically influenced popular music in the 1950s and today? The drumming beats found in most rock n roll pieces created a powerful sound teenagers turn around.The harsh rhythms, instability of sound and rockin dance moves associated with rock n roll all helped increase its popularity. favorite music today features fast paced songs with mechanical soun ds in the solid ground. Songs incorporate an inordinate amount of words per second, often leaving the listener wondering what they just heard. In the new hit single Love like Woe, the listener hears, Cause I got some intuition/ Or maybe Im superstitious/ But I think youre a pretty sweet pill that Im swallowing down/ To counter this addiction/ Youve got me on a mission/ Tell me darling, can I get a break somehow? Could I say no? , all in a unsullied ten seconds.The fast pace of songs are easily correlated with the fast pace of teenagers lives today. Teenagers are expected to excel in school, extracurriculars, athletics, music, and family life all at the same time. Pop music is branching away from traditional instruments to a more machine based background. The popular song Like a g6 even goes as far as making the chorus voices sound computerized. Classical music appreciation has sternly declined and sounds symbolizing a mechanical, over the top life, have taken control of the musi cal industry. The Ensemble melodic orientation course is very much behavioral. In the words of Simon V. Anderson, If music educators did not believe that musical preference is socially conditioned. . . They would not work in the public classrooms at all, but rather, they would spend their time and qualification in the science laboratories searching for the virus . . . that impairs musical judgment (39). Popular music preference has much to do with the language, values and beliefs of the teenagers perspective of popular culture. Trendy music will be the music that teenagers can relate to and create for them the feelings they desire.Music choice however also reflects how the music makes one feel while listening to it. Popular songs in 1950 and 2010 reflect the culture they predominate through the general theme of lyrics and background noises. In each culture, music has been a favored form of expression and creates emotion based on what the culture wants. As even now, popular culture changes from liking bell bottoms to skinny jeans and back again, pop music changes with it to accurately reflect the culture it has been rooted upon.

Example speech Essay

Good day I hope you had a great bound of the day just as I had. Of course knowing that Ill be speaking present in front of you makes me feel very flattered and honoured. Before I start, I would manage first to trade a saying that I truly believe, communication starts for those who works for it. And that communication includes write a permitter, let alone writing a line garner. Writing a business garner is just multifariousnessred writing other types of letter it includes not moreover the message itself but to a fault other grave and optional parts.The in-chief(postnominal) parts includes the heading which tells the identity of the sender the inside address that tells the reader to whom the letter is address greeting which introduces your letter in professional tone the body of the letter is of course, the most most-valuable section of the letter-from both the writers and the readers point of view the finis is typic entirelyy a short, one word ending that tells your re ading that they ware reached the end of your letter and the signature, under the closing and reiterate the identity of the sender.The optional part that is only used when required it includes attention pipe fold, subject line which is used to give the reader advance notice of what your letter is all about and some subscriber line that is used when we included some envelope or package, send transcript of the letter to one or more persons and wishes or not to let the addressee know, these notations can be enclosure notation, mailing notation, carbon copy notation or blind copy notation. era the most familiar, the post script is used when the writer has intentionally forgotten to mention something and to draw the readers attention to a particular important point.When writing a business letter, we dont just consider the part but also know how these parts should be arranged in other words the location styles of the letter. T here(predicate) argon assorted styles in which the parts are positioned. It can be block style in which all the parts begin at the left margin or modified block style where only the position of the date line, complimentary closing and the writers identification starts at the horizontal center of the page.But if you want your letter to have the format of modified block style and the first line of all the paragraphs are indented then you can use the modified-block style with indented paragraphs or semi-block style. While some batch prefer the social business style because of it differs from regular business letter styles in a telephone number of ways such as instead of opening the letter, the inside address may be typed at the left margin five lines below the signature line and the reference notations, enclosure notations, carbon copy notations and often the writers typewritten signature are omitted and so on and so forth.Using the formats and arrangement styles, you will be sure to send letter that look attractive and modern. However, they cannot be effective and crowd goodwill if your writing is not well-organized and the ideas are not well-planned. Thats why we need to know the different kinds of the business letter. One could hardly style all the kinds of business letter written but here are the most frequently use. The request letter or please send me letter, these are letter written for simple request for information, literature, appointments, reservations and so on.And the kind of letter that answers these earn are called form the name it suggest without a doubt, the letter answering requests. Meanwhile, when the person who has been inconvenient or offended writes a letter of protest, it is called claim letter or also known as complain letter. And the letter that answer these letters are called adjustment letters. Next kind is for those who want to request for a credit or would like to remind the person who did not pay you what they owe to you, the credit and collection.Next is every letter business peop le write, the sales letter, these are written for specific purpose of selling good or service. And the kind of letter that everyone uses, especially you my dear listeners sooner or later, the application letter, it includes inquiring about a position, letters of application, letters thanking an employer and resignation letter. While there are different kinds of business letter, these kinds of letters can be handled simply in term of the readers anticipated reactions.These three basic letter patterns enable the writer to unclutter problems with request, order, claim, adjustment and what have you. First is the everday letter, it bump off a direct approach and are simple to write. While more skillfully writing techniques are needed when showing the reader why he/she should take and action before you actually ask the action to be taken, which is the persuasive letters. The last is the most difficult, notional news letter, it is when you are refusing request, adjustment or credit.Like the persuasive letter it should be take an collateral approach. Of all thats been said and done, the best way we all need to consider in writing a business letter or any letter is the preparation and proper approach to have a effective communication. Again like I said earlier, communication works for those who works for it. thank you for inviting me here and listening to me for a couple of minutes. Thank you and God bless

Types And Causes Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Pollution is the informant of a waste into the standard atmosphere doing it impossible to do behavior on acres possible to prolong. Pollution is the debut of a befoulment into the environment. It is created largely by world actions, but mess besides be a consequence of internal catastrophes. Pollution has a damaging consequence on any living being in an environment, doing it or so impossible to prolong life. Pollution harms the ball s environment and its people in many ways. aim of aff carry ( flatulency, liquid, solid ) or energy ( heat, noise, radiation sickness ) whose nature, location, or measure straight or indirectly alters features or procedures of any portion of the environment, and ca ha telephone numberuates ( or has the possible to do ) harm to the status, wellness, proficientty, or public aid of animate beings, worlds, workss, or belongings.The debut of contaminations into a natural environment that manipulates instability, upset, injury or uncomfortablen ess to theA ecosystem i.e. fleshly systems or populating organisms.A Pollution can deport the signifier ofA chemical substancesA orA energy, much(prenominal) as noise, heat, or panoptic radiation. Pollutants, the elements of befoulment, can be foreign substances or energies, or of phone line happening when of course happening, they argon considered contaminations when they drop dead natural degrees. Pollution is frequently classed asA point initiationA orA nonpoint beginning defilement. There be two types of the cause of defilement, natural and man-made. Natural contaminant occurs of course and wo nt do inordinate injury to our lives due to its regeneration ability. While the celluloid contamination is cause by adult male activities, and hard to acquire rid of. The anchors of semisynthetic contaminant are gay population and engineering. Naturally homo needs aff aviatione to the environment, we get resources from nature. This is for the interest of life. By the add ition of human population, the contact is acquiring more intensive, because demands are change magnitude. And by the findings and development of new engineerings, human can use them to acquire the resources. And it s coarse that new engineerings would convey their several side effects besides their advantages.TYPES OF befoulmentAIR contaminantWATER POLLUTION fraudulent scheme POLLUTIONLIGHT POLLUTIONLAND POLLUTIONMARINE POLLUTIONTHERMAL POLLUTIONSHIP POLLUTIONRADIATION POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTIONAir pollution is the accretion of unsafe substances into the ambiance that hazard human life and former(a) life aff diffuse. Air pollutionA is the debut ofA chemicals, A particulate aff blood, orA biologic materialsA that cause injury or uncomfortableness to worlds or separate life beings, or amendss theA natural environmentA into theA atmosphere.The ambiance is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is critical to back up life on planetA Earth.A StratosphericA ozone depletion d ue to aura pollution has long been recognized as a menace to human wellness either bit good as to the EarthsA ecosystems. Air is the oceanic we breathe. Air supplies us with O which is indispensable for our organic fertiliser structures to populate. Air is 99.9 % N, O, weewee vapour and inert gases. Human activities can let go of substances into the air, any(prenominal)what of which can do jobs for worlds, workss, and animals.There are several master(prenominal) types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are normally discussed. These accommodate smogginess, acerb rain, the glasshouse consequence, and holes in the ozone bed. Each of these jobs has serious deductions for our wellness and wellbeing every bit good as for the whole environment. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as black C pollution. The fumes from firing fuels in cars, places, and in ashesries is a believe beginning of pollution in the air. Some governments deliberate that even the combustion of wood and wood sear in hearths and barbecues can let go of crucial quanitites of carbon black into the air.An otherwise type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as S dioxide, C monoxide, N oxides, and chemical bluess. These can take portion in farther chemical reactions erstwhile they are in the ambiance, organizing smog and acerb rain.Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include siemens oxidesA ( SOx ) Sulfur dioxide is a chemical compound with the looking at SO2. SO2A is produced by vents and in assorted industrial procedures. Since ember and crude oil frequently contain sulfur compounds, their suntan generates sulfur dioxide. due north oxidesA ( dark ) Nitrogen dioxideA are emitted from high temperature burning. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the expression NO2. It is one of the several N oxides. This red-brown cyanogenic gas has a characteristic crisp, seize with teething olfactory property. NO2A is o ne of the more or less outstanding air pollutants.Carbon monoxideA It is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but really cyanogenicant gas. It is a merchandise by uncomplete burning of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular fumes is a major beginning of C monoxide.Carbon dioxideA ( CO2 ) It is aA nursery gas which isA emitted from burning but is besides a gas critical toA life beings. It is a natural gas in the ambiance.Volatile organic compoundsA VOCs are an of import outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are frequently divided into the separate classs of methane ( CH4 ) and non-methane ( NMVOCs ) . Methane is an exceedingly efficient nursery gas which contributes to heighten planetary heating. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are besides important nursery gases via their function in making ozone and in protracting the life of methane in the ambiance, although the consequence varies depending on local air quality.ToxicA metals- such asA lead, A cadmiumA andA Cu.Chlor ofluorocarbonsA ( CFCs ) It is harmful to theA ozone layerA emitted from merchandises stately banned from usage.AmmoniaA ( NH3 ) -Ammonia is emitted from agricultural procedures. Ammonia is a compound with the expression NH3. It is usually encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent olfactory property. Ammonia contributes importantly to the nutritionary demands of tellurian beings by functioning as a precursor to groceries and fertilisers. Ammonia, either straight or indirectly, is besides a edifice block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in broad usage, ammonium hydrated oxide is some(prenominal) acerb and ri thrash.OdorsA such as from refuse, cloaca, and industrial proceduresRadioactive pollutantsA which are produced byA atomic detonations, warA explosives, and natural procedures such as theA radioactive decayA ofA Rn.Secondary pollutants includeSmog is a sort of air pollution the word smog is a blend of fume and fog. Authoritative smog conseque nces from big sums of coal combustion in an coarse caused by a mixture of fume and S dioxide. Modern smog does non normally come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emanations that are acted on in the ambiance by sunshine to attire secondary pollutants that besides combine with the primary emanations to organize photochemical smog.Photochemical and chemical reactions affecting it bugger morose many of the chemical processes that occur in the ambiance by xxiv hours and by dark. At abnormally high concentrations brought approximately by human activities ( mostly the burning of fossil fuel ) , it is a pollutant, and a component of smog.Peroxyacetyl nitrateA ( PAN ) likewise formed from NOxA and VOCs.Minor air pollutants includeA big figure of minorA risky air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under theA Clean Air ActA and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.A assortment ofA relentless organic pollutants, which can pound to particulate affair.Persiste nt organic pollutants ( POPs ) are organic compounds that are immune to environmental debasement by means of chemical, biological, and photolytic procedures. Because of this, they have been observed to prevail in the environment, to be capable of long-range conveyance, bioaccumulate in human and unspiritual tissue, biomagnify in food ironss, and to hold possible important impacts on human wellness and the environment.Beginnings OF AIR POLLUTIONAnthropogenetic sourcesA ( human activity ) largely related to firing different sorts ofA fuel Stationary Beginnings include fume tonss ofA causality workss, fabricating installations ( mills ) and waste incinerators, every bit good as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning warming devices Mobile Beginnings includeA get vehicles, Marine vass, aircraft and the consequence of sound etc.Exhausts fromA pigment, A hair spray, A varnish, A aerosol spraysA and other dissolversWaste deposition inA demesnefills, which generateA methane. Metha ne is non toxic nevertheless, it is extremely flammable and may organize explosive mixtures with air. Methane is besides an asphyxiant and may displace O in an enclosed infinite. Asphyxia or asphyxiation may ensue if the O concentration is reduced to below 19.5 % by supplanting.Military, such asA atomic arms, A toxic gases, A source warfareA andA rocketryNatural beginningsDustA from natural beginnings, normally big countries of land with small or no flora.Methane, A emittedA by theA digestionA of nutrient byA animate beings, for exampleA cowss.RadonA gas from radioactive decay within the Earth s crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, of course happening, radioactive baronial gas that is formed from the decay of Ra. It is considered to be a wellness jeopardy. Radon gas from natural beginnings can wheel up in edifices, particularly in confined countries such as the cellar and it is the 2nd most frequent cause of lung malignant neoplastic disease, after coffin stop smoke.SmokeA and A C monoxideA fromA wildfires.VolcanicA activity, which produceA S, A Cl, and ashA particulates.HOW TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTIONThe undermentioned points are normally used as pollution reckon devices by industry or transit devices. They can either destroyA contaminantsA or take them from an tire out watercourse before it is emitted into the ambiance.Particulate controlMechanical aggregatorsElectrostatic precipitators A An electrostatic precipitator ( clairvoyance ) , or electrostatic air cleansing agent is a particulate aggregation device that removes atoms from a fluxing gas ( such as air ) utilizing the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are extremely efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easy take all proper particulate affair such as dust and fume from the air watercourse.Baghouses These areA designed to strike down heavy dust tonss, a dust aggregator consists of a blower, dust filter , a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust remotion systemParticulate scrubbers Wet scrubber is a signifier of pollution control engineering. The term describes a assortment of devices that use pollutants from a furnace fluke gas or from other gas watercourses. In a wet scrubber, the contaminated gas watercourse is brought into contact with the scouring liquid, by spraying it with theliquid, by coercing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to take the pollutants.ScrubbersBaffle spray scrubberCyclonic spray scrubber automatically sufficeed scrubberSpray towerWet scrubberNOx controlLow NOx burnersSelective catalytic reductionASelective non-catalytic decreaseNOx scrubbersCatalytic convertorAcid Gas/SOHYPERLINK hypertext conveyancing protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide 2A controlWet scrubbersDry scrubbersDo nt smokeKeep your auto care with-itDo nt purchase merchandises that come inA aerosolA spray tinsAvoid utilizing shadowy er fluid when barbecuing outsideWhen you hold accelerate easy and utilize sail controlAlways replace your auto s air filterUse a push or electric car lawnmower instead than a gas-powered 1Do nt utilize rough chemical cleaners that can breathe exhaustsInspect your gas contraptions and warmers on a regular basisFacts about Air PollutionAbout 232 million different types of vehicles are driven by U.S. citizens every twenty-four hours, adding nursery gases into the air.U.S. vehicle emanations contribute 45 % to planetary heatingThe mean grownup consumes 3,000 gallons of contaminated air every twenty-four hoursVehicle fumes contributes to 60 % of C monoxide emanations in the U.S. and up to 95 % in big metropolissEvery year 335,000 Americans dice of lung malignant neoplastic disease, which is a direct consequence of air pollutionBeginnings OF AIR POLLUTIONSome of the chief subscribers to H2O pollution areFactoriesRefineriesWaste intervention installationsMiningPesticides, weedkillers an d fertilisersHuman sewerageOil spillsFailing infected systemsSoap from rinsing your autoOil and antifreeze leaking from autosFamily chemicalsAnimal wasteWATER POLLUTIONwater system pollution is the debut ofA chemical, biological and physical affair into big organic structures of H2O that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it. Oil spills, family chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers are the major beginnings of H2O pollution. The best manner to forestall H2O pollution is to non throw rubbish and other harmful chemicals into our H2O supplies because it causes injury to the rivers and lakes. Water pollution affects workss and beings populating in theseA organic structures of H2O and, in about all instances the consequence is damaging non merely to individualA speciesA and populations, but besides to the naturalA biological communities.Water pollution occurs whenA pollutantsA are discharged straight or indirectly into H2O organic structures without adequateA treat mentA to take harmful compounds. Water pollution is a major job in the planetary context. It has been suggested that it is the taking widely distributed cause of deceases and diseases, A and that it accounts for the deceases of more than 14,000 people daily.A An estimated 700 millionA IndiansA have no entree to a proper lavatory, and 1,000 Indian kids dice of diarrhoeal illness every day.A Some 90 % ofA China s metropoliss suffer from some grade of H2O pollution, A and about 500 million people lack entree to safe imbibing water.A In add-on to the acute jobs of H2O pollution in developing states, A industrialize countriesA continue to fight with pollution jobs every bit good. In the most recent national study onA H2O qualityA in theA United States, 45 per centum of assessedA streamA stat mis, 47 per centum of assessed lakeA estates, and 32 per centum of assessedA bayA and estuarineA square milesA were classified as pollute.Facts about Water PollutionOver two-thirds of U.S. estuari es and bays are badly debauched because of N and phosphoric pollutionEvery twelvemonth about 25 % of U.S. beaches are closed at least one time because of H2O pollutionOver 73 different sorts of pesticides have been found in the groundwater that we finally use to imbibe1.2 trillion gallons of sewerage, stormwater and industrial waste are discharged into U.S. Waterss every twelvemonth40 % of U.S. rivers are excessively polluted for aquatic life to lastAmericans use over 2.2 billion lbs of pesticides every twelvemonth, which finally washes into our rivers and lakesHow to Prevent Water PollutionThe best manner to forestall H2O pollution is to non throw rubbish and other harmful chemicals into our H2O supplies. present are a few more ways you can forestall H2O pollutionWash your auto far off from any storm H2O drainsDo nt throw rubbish, chemicals or dissolvers into cloaca drainsInspect your infected system every 3-5 old agesAvoid utilizing pesticides and fertilisers that can run off i nto H2O systemsBrush your private road alternatively of hosing it blastAlways pump your waste-holding armored competitiveness vehicles on your boatUse non-toxic cleansing stuffsClean up oil and other liquid spills with tummy litter and sweet them upDo nt rinse pigment coppices in the sinkNOISE POLLUTIONNoise pollutionA ( orA environmentalA noise ) is displeasing human, unintellectual or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or carnal life. The wordA noiseA comes from the Latin wordA sicknesss, intending mal de mer.The beginning of most out-of-door noise worldwide is chiefly building A andA transit systems, includingA tug vehicleA noise, A aircraft noise andA rail noise. PoorA urban planningA may give rise to resound pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential edifices can ensue in noise pollution in the residential country. Indoor and out-of-door noise pollution beginnings includeA auto dismaies, exigency serviceA Sirens, mechanical e quipment, A fireworks, compressedA air horns, evidences maintaining equipment, barking Canis familiariss, contraptions, A unaffixedingA busyness, audio amusement systems, electric A megaphones, and loud people. The fact that you ca nt see, gustatory sensation or smell it may assist explicate why it has non received every bit much attending as other types of pollution, such as air pollution, or H2O pollution.A The air around us is invariably filled with sounds, withal most of us would likely non state we are surrounded by noise.A Though for some, the persistent and escalate beginnings of sound can frequently be considered an annoyance.A This irritation can hold large danger.MITIGATION AND CONTROL FOR NOISE POLLUTIONHere are a assortment of schemes for mitigatingA street noiseA including usage ofA noise barriers, restriction of vehicle velocities, change of roadway surface texture, restriction ofA heavy vehicles, usage of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to cut down braki ng and acceleration, and tyre design. An of import factor in using these schemes is aA computing machine modelA forA roadway noise, that is capable of free rein toing localA topography, weather forecasting, traffic operations and conjectural extenuation. Costss of building-in extenuation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning phase of a roadway undertaking.Aircraft noiseA can be reduced to some extent by design of quieterA jet engines, which was pursued smartly in the 1970s and 1980s. This scheme has brought limited but discernible decrease of urban sound degrees. Reconsideration of operations, such as alteringA flight pathsA and clip of twenty-four hours continue usage, has demonstrated benefits for residential populations near airports.A FAAA sponsored residential retrofit ( insularity ) plans initiated in the 1970s has besides enjoyed mastery in cut downing interiorA residentialA noise in 1000s of abodes across theA United States.Exposure of worker s toA Industrial noiseA has been address since the 1930s. Changes include redesign of industrial equipment, daze mounting assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace.Noise Free America, a national anti-noise pollution organisation, regularly anterooms for the enforcement of noise regulations at all degrees of authorities.LIGHT POLLUTIONTheA International Dark-Sky AssociationA ( IDA ) definesA light pollutionA as each inauspicious consequence of unreal light includingA sky freshness, A blaze, A light trespass, A light jumble, decreased visibleness at dark, and energy waste.Such an attack confuses the cause and its consequence, however.A PollutionA is the adding-of/added visible radiation itself, in analogy to added sound, CO2A etc. Adverse effects are multiple, some of them may be non known yet. authoritative definitions are to be, hence, likeChange of natural visible radiation degrees in the out-of-door environment owe to unreal light beginnings.Light pollution is the change of light degrees in the out-of-door environment ( from those present of course ) due to semisynthetic beginnings of visible radiation. Indoor light pollution is such change of light degrees in the indoor environment due to beginnings of visible radiation, which compromises human wellness. Light pollution is the debut by worlds, straight or indirectly, of unreal visible radiation into the environment.In malice of the scientific attack, The U.S.A National car park Service, whose Night Sky Team determined that about every park that it surveyed has evident light pollution, A defines the term still as Chiefly, the light of the dark sky caused by unreal visible radiation beginnings, diminishing the visibleness of stars and other natural sky phenomena. Besides includes other incidental or noticeable facets of out-of-door illuming such as blaze, trespass into countries non necessitating illuming, usage in countries where or at times when illuming is non needed, and interference of the na tural nighttime landscape.Light pollution obscures the stars in theA dark skyA for metropolis inhabitants, interferes withA astronomicalA observatories, and, like any other signifier of pollution, disruptsA ecosystemsA and has inauspicious wellness effects.Light pollution can be divided into two chief types( 1 ) raging visible radiation that intrudes on an otherwise natural or low-light scene( 2 ) inordinate visible radiation ( by and large indoors ) that leads to discomfort and inauspicious wellness effects.Since the aboriginal 1980s, a globalA dark-sky movementA has emerged, with concerned people runing to cut down the sum of light pollution.Light pollution is a side consequence of industrial civilisation. Its beginnings include edifice exterior and interior lighting, advertisement, commercial belongingss, offices, mills, street lamps, and illuminate featuring locales.WAYS TO REDUCE LIGHT POLLUTIONReducing light pollution implies many things, such as cut downing sky freshness, c ut downing blaze, cut downing light trespass, and cut downing jumble. The method for best cut downing light pollution, hence, depends on precisely what the job is in any given case. Possible solutions includeUsing light beginnings of minimal strength necessary to carry through the visible radiation s intent.Turning visible radiations off utilizing a timer or tenancy detector or manually when non needed.Bettering illuming fixtures, so that they direct their visible radiation more accurately towards where it is needed, and with less side effects.Adjusting theA typeA of visible radiations used, so that the light moving ridges emitted are those that are less likely to do terrible light pollution jobs.Measuring bing illuming programs, and re-designing some or all of the programs depending on whether bing visible radiation is really needed.LAND POLLUTIONLandA pollutionA is pollution of the Earth s natural land surface by industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural activities. Land p ollutionA is the debasement of Earth s land surfaces frequently caused by human activities and their abuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is non fain decently. health jeopardy disposal of urban and industrial wastes, development of minerals, and improper usage of dirt by unsymmetrical agricultural patterns are a few factors.A UrbanizationA andA industrializationA are major causes of land pollution. The Industrial Revolution set a series of events into gesture which destroyed natural home grounds and polluted the environment, doing diseases in both worlds and other species of animate beings.Beginnings OF LAND POLLUTIONSome of the chief subscribers to set down pollution areChemical and atomic workssIndustrial millsOil refineriesHuman sewerageOil and antifreeze leaking from autosMiningLitteringOvercrowded landfillsDeforestationConstruction dustFact near LAND POLLUTIONEvery twelvemonth one American produces over 3285 lbs of risky wasteLand pollution causes us to lose 24 bill ion dozenss of top dirt every twelvemonthAmericans generate 30 billion froth cups, 220 million tyres and 1.8 billion disposable nappies every twelvemonthWe throw off plenty cast away every twenty-four hours to make climb 63,000 refuse trucksEvery twenty-four hours Americans throw off 1 million bushels of litter out their auto windowOver 80 % of points in landfills can be recycled, but they re nonHow to Prevent Land PollutionThe best manner to forestall land pollution is to recycle. Here are a few other ways you can cut down land pollutionReuse any points that you canBuy biodegradable merchandisesStore all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof containersEat organic nutrients that are grown withoutA pesticidesDo nt utilize pesticidesUse a trickle tray to roll up engine oilBuy merchandises that have small packagingDo nt dump motor oil on the landMARINE POLLUTIONMarine pollutionA occurs when harmful effects, or potentially harmful effects, can ensue from the entry into the ocean o f chemicals, A atoms, industrial, agricultural and residentialA waste, noise, or the spread of invasive beings. Most beginnings of Marine pollution are land based. The pollution frequently comes fromA nonpoint sourcesA such as agricultural A runoffA and windblown dust. many a(prenominal) potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny atoms which are so taken up by A planktonA and benthosA animate beings, most of which are either sedimentation orA filter feeders. In this manner, the toxins areA concentrated upwardA within oceanA nutrient ironss. Many atoms combine chemically in a mode extremely depletive ofA O, causingA estuariesA to becomeA anoxic. When pesticides are incorporated into theA Marine ecosystem, they quick go captive into marineA nutrient webs. Once in the nutrient webs, these pesticides can do mutants, every bit good as diseases, which can be harmful to worlds every bit good as the full nutrient web.Toxic metalsA can besides be introduced into marine nutrient webs. These can do a alteration to weave affair, biochemistry, behavior, reproduction, and suppress growing in marine life. Besides, manyA carnal feedsA have a highA angle mealA orA fish hydrolysateA content. In this manner, Marine toxins can be transferred to land animate beings, and appear subsequently in meat and dairy merchandises.TERMAL POLLUTIONThermal pollutionA is the debasement ofA H2O qualityA by any procedure that changes ambient waterA temperature. A common cause of thermic pollution is the usage of H2O as aA coolantA byA power plantsA and industrial makers.When H2O used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the alteration in temperature( a ) DecreasesA oxygenA provide( B ) AffectsA ecosystemA composing.SHIP POLLUTIONShip pollutionA is the pollution of air andA waterA byA transportation. It is a job that has been speed uping asA tradeA has become progressively globalized, presenting an increasing menace to the universe s oceans and waterways asA globalizationA continues.RADIATION POLLUTIONRadiation pollution is any signifier of ionising or no ionizing radiation that consequences from human activities. The most well-known radiation consequences from the explosion of atomic devices and the controlled release of energy by nuclear-power generating workss ( see atomic energy ) . Other beginnings of radiation include spent-fuel reprocessing workss, byproducts of excavation operations, and experimental research research labs. Increased picture show to medical X beams and to radiation emanations from microwave ovens and other family contraptions, although of well less magnitude, all constitute beginnings of environmental radiation.Public concern over the release of radiation into the environment greatly increased following the revealing of possible harmful effects to the populace from atomic arms proving, the accident ( 1979 ) at the Three air mile Island nuclear-power generating works near Harrisburg, Pa. , and the ruinous 1986 detonation at Chernobyl, a Soviet atomic power works. In the late eightiess, disclosures of major pollution jobs at U.S. atomic arms reactors raised apprehensivenesss even higher.REFRENCESPollution causes consequence and control By Roy M.HarrisonAir Pollution By Jeremy CoilsGlobal consequence of environmental pollution By Siegfied Fred uttererWater Wars By Vandana ShivaPollution By Christiane Dorionwww.google.comWikipedia.org