Indias Foreign Policy Towards China: An Analysis

Indias international Policy Towarf areds chinaw are An AnalysisKAUTILYAS THOUGHTS ON remote POLICY AND ANALYSE ITS RELEVANCE TO MODERN INDIA PARTICULARLY WITH REGARDS TO CHINACHAPTER I METHODOLOGY familiar1. The ma superpower of contrasted code is an exercise to achieve ends and means of a nation soil. Conceptu henchman it is based on long barrier goals and related short term objectives. It is the product of past history, geography, evolving case male monarch and prevalent external environment, which is largely bug out of acress control1.2. Indian Foreign Policy towards China was initially based on idealism of Nehru, steered towards realism by Mrs Indira Gandhi, asserted by Rajiv Gandhi and culminated with India going overtly nuclear low Vajpayee in May 1998. From Hindi-Chini bhai bhai to latent enemy number wiz to great friend, India just does non know how to deal with its neighbourhood dragon that has played its cards so skilfully vis--vis India.3. Indias possessiv e geostrategic location, vast natural and technological manpower resources, a vibrant emerging economy backed by strong war machine and nuclear capability, conspicuous soft power and presence of the Indian Diaspora the world over, make it an ideal candidate to be a major player in the world in general and South Asian region in particular.4. India and China are the dickens major powers in Asia with global aspirations and some important conflicting interests. As a result, some essence of friction in their bilateral dealinghip is inevitable. The geo insurance form _or_ system of government-making reality of Asia makes sure that it pass on be extremely difficult, if non impossible, for Hindi-Chini to be bhai-bhai (br early(a)s) in the foreseeable time to come. If India and China continue to rise in the next few years, a security competition between the two regional giants go by be all only if inevitable. If India is serious about its desire to emerge as a major global power , then it allow for ca-ca to outfit the challenge of Chinas rise. A rising China will not tolerate a rising India as its peer competitor. Even if a rising India does not have any intention of becoming a regional hegemon, China will try its best to constrain India as it has already done to a large extent. And it is that containment that India has to guard against. India should make a serious attempt to manage the frictions by expanding the zone of cooperation with associate even as it tries to steadfastly pursue its innate interests.5. Indian contrasted policy agenda should be driven by only Indias national security imperatives. India needs to be more pro-active, consistent, and realistic when zesty China. It is time for India to realise that Its great power aspirations cannot be realised without a cold-blooded realistic assessment of its profess strategic interests in an anarchic international system where there are no permanent friends or enemies, only permanent interests. 6. It would be prudential to tincture, into the wisdom of Kautilyas , Arthashastra, a treatise on polity and delicacy to learn the less(prenominal)ons on war and strategy , national power and national security and threat perception and threat assessment.Statement of Problem7. To study Kautilyas thoughts on strategy and analyse its relevance to the present day Indian Geo-political environment with particular regards to China.Justification of the Study8. Kautilyas Arthashastra has been recognised the world over as an invaluable treatise on all facets of body politiccraft and polity. Its eternal wisdom and timelessness can be gauged from the fact that it is still quoted by scholars, academicians, bureaucrats and soldiers alike the world over. The interest generated in this epic illustrates that the thoughts on strategy to sustain and advance a state still provides valuable lessons. The twentieth nose candy which has seen two world wars of long succession and host of other confli cts worldwide has similarly generated a fairly large number of studies on strategy commensurate with the advances in technology and new methods in warfare. But there is certain universality about classical strategic thoughts which prompts academics and scholars to go back to these works both in equipment casualty of comparative depth psychology and their reinterpretation in the changing world.9. Strategy over the ages has been defined in polar ship air reflective of the times in which they were made and the existing interstate relations and economic and social state of a nation. Higher or Grand strategy is hardly understood nor does it seem to have been practised in India. It is thusly important to study the various facets of this vital subject as propounded by Kautilya in his Arthashastra, as it is so critical for the universe and security of a nation. desktop10. The Arthashastra is a compendium on various aspects of statecraft and lays down measures to be followed by a king t o sustain and advance a state. The contents of this treatise are precise exhaustive covering a broad spectrum to include the minor details at one end to grand strategy on the other. notwithstanding this study concentrates on the various facets of stratagem enunciated by Kautilya and analyse their relevance to modern India particularly with regards to ChinaMethod of Data Collection11. All the info for this study has been gathered from various books (refer bibliography) and internet.Content12. Background. Kautilyas Arthashastra is an excellent treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military machine strategy. It is said to have been written by Kautilya, also cognise by the name Chanakya or Vishnugupta, the prime minister of Indias archetypical great emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. This chapter will include the adjacent-(a) Authenticity and date of Arthashastra.(b) Historical account of keep of Kautilya.13. Kautilyas Foreign Policy. In Interstate relations power constitutes t he ability of a nation to impose its will on another nation despite resistance. This Chapter will include-(a) Saptanga concept of state. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent divisions of any state2 and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a conflicting policy of expansion by conquest. The seven constituents are the basis of the national power and ecstasy. He then relates as to how national power varies due to expansion or calamities and how pursuance of national interest is directly related to the possession of national power.(b) Postulates of foreign policy. As a political realist, Kautilya maked that every nation acts to maximise power and self-interest, and therefore moral prescripts or obligations have slim or no force in actions among nations3. Kautilyas postulates on foreign policy international relations, national security to include internal and external security, war waging methodology to include Mantrayuddha or War by Counsel, Prakasayuddha or Open War, kutayuddha or Concealed War, Gudayuddha or Clandestine War.14. Mandala Concept as the Basis of National Strategy. Kautilya, says that the the aggressor (Vijigishu), should conclude, peace when he finds that he is weaker than the enemy4 he should wage war when he finds himself to be stronger he should check neutrality when assesses that neither he nor his enemy can settle the score he should seek refuge when he is weak and he should befool the duel policy in a contingency requiring the help from, another ruler. War and foreign policy issues are thus decided in an ad hoc framework of political expediency. When progress is equally attainable by means of peace and war, Kautilya says that the former is to be preferred. This is so, for war involves expenditure in men and money, star sign in a foreign land, and suffering.This chapter will include the following-(a) Mandala Theory. Kautilya believed that countries whic h shared a common border were natural enemies. However, any state on the other side of that enemy is a natural choice for an ally for they, too, are at risk from the same enemy. In other words, he believed in the principle of the enemy of my enemy is my friend. The idea is best envisioned by a series of concentric circles (not a normal configuration of states, admittedly, but easier to describe), which truly makes them look a bit like a mandala.(b) Potential enemies. A neighboring prince possessed of the excellences of an enemy is the foe one in calamity is vulnerable one without support or with weak support is fit to be exterminated in the reverse case, fit to be harassed or weakened. These are the different types of enemies5.(c) Alliances. A perfect ally is said to have six qualities,namely, constant, under control, quickly mobilising, hereditary, great and not given to double dealing.(d) The six measures of foreign policy. Kautilya provided believes that there are spin-offs of these, thus providing six methods of foreign policy. These are making peace, waging war, staying quiet, preparing for war, seeking support, and the dual policy of making peace with one while waging war against another6. hotshots circumstances will dictate which methods should be delectationd.15. Application of Mandala Theory in the Contemporary Indian geo-political Scenario. This Chapter will include the classification of friends, enemies, effectiveness enemies, and likely allies on the basis of Mandala theory.16. Implication of Chinas Rise in Indian Perspective. This chapter will include the following-(a) Chinas countywide strategy.(b) Chinese Balance of power strategy in Asia.(c) Chinese economic Strategy.(d) Chinas encirclement policy.(e) Relationship with Indias neighbours.(f) Chinas perception of India.(g) Indias perception of China.(h) Implication of Chinas strategy on Indias security.17. Application of Kautilyan Wisdom in Sino-Indian Relations. This chapter will include t he following-(a) Chinese critical vulnerabilities.(b) Indian options to counter Chinese threat.(c) Suggested Indian Strategy against China.Miraculous results can be achieved by practising the methods of subversion. KautilyaCHAPTER II BACKGROUND General1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya 7or Vishnugupta, was an Indian statesman and philosopher who lived around 350 B.C.E. He is one of the most famous Indian political thinkers who participated in the social and political revolutions of his age. though he lived a long time ago, certain principles from his theory are still relevant in todays context. His most famous work is Arthashastra, translated other than by various authors, but in its most acceptable meaning, the science of political economy8. The book, written in Sanskrit, discusses theories and principles of governing a state. Arthashastra carcass unique in all of Indian literature because of its unabashed advocacy of realpolitik. Indian scholars continued to study it for its cle ar-cut arguments and formal prose till the twelfth century. After that period it addled its significance. It has again become the focus of attention of thinkers who want to see a change in the Indian foreign policy9.2. Kautilya was a Brahmin minister under Chandragupta Maurya10, the first king of the great Mauryan Empire in India. The empire was the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India. It was founded in 321 B.C.E. by Chandragupta Maurya11, who had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and begun expanding his power across central and western India. The Empire stretched to the North along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas, and to the east stretching into what is now Assam. To the West, it reached beyond modern Pakistan and included Baluchistan in Persia and significant portions of what is now Afghanistan, including the modern Herat and Kandahar provinces.3. Many call Kautilya the first political realist in the world.12 His work differed from existing political theory in that it talked about counselings of speed the administration which were based more on self interest than on morality. The frank and brutal advice he offers the king in his treatise makes Machiavellis The Prince seem mild.13 There are four different characteristics of a realist approach to international relations14(a) The assumption that human nature is aggressive.(b) The belief that international relations will eer be characterized by conflict.(c) The belief that the foremost goal of the king shall be the protection of the state and its people.(d) The belief that the state must be strong politically, economically, and militarily so as to minimize the possibility of an attack.4. He thus talked about isotropy of power before this term was actually invented.15 He said that the king should consider all his neighbors as his enemies and that any state on the opposite side of a neighbor is a potential ally. So, if countries were in a line, countries 1, 3, 5, 7 coul d be friends, as could 2, 4, and 6. But countries 1, 2, and 3 could neer be friends. This status would change as soon as country 1 conquered country 2. From that very clamorous country 3 (a friend) would be the new enemy. This is called his mandala theory.16 Arthashastra5. It is necessary to bear in mind that the Arthashastra, the science of wealth and warfare, was just discovered and translated in the past century in Mysore by R. Shamasastry17, and that until then, there was no knowledge of any such compilation, despite scant allusions made to an Arthashastra, and its alternative names Nitisastra and Dandaniti, in the Mahabharata18.Thomas Trautmann dates the text to c.150 A.D. and, by rigorous statistical analysis, he concludes that the Arthashastra had several authors spanning a wide range of dates,19 which adds to the puzzle of how historically obscure the text has been for over the past two millennia. Nevertheless, its closemouthed nature adds credence to its function as a h andbook on efficient statecraft for kings and high-level ministers.6. Artha has always been regarded as one of the four purusharthas,20 that its teachings have been relegated to animal fables and folklore. No such shastras seem to have been compiled for public knowledge, as was the case of the Dharmashastras and Kamashastras. In stark contrast to the latter, the manuscript discovered in 1902 by Shamasastry was compiled as a guidebook for kings and high-level officials, rather than the average individual. The result is a perspective advocating a top-down style of governance with little or no representation held by the general populace, and the continual maintenance of such a state with energetic leadership and extensive secret service. Though the king and upper echelons of society involuntarily accepted such authority because of religious ideals just as much as the general populace did, the Arthashastra suggests the existence of a baseborn elite with a secular and realist outlook t hat actively worked to uphold this power scheme and determine the overall course of the kingdom.217. It is for this antecedent that the Arthashastra advocates grade the priorities of the purusharthas, by valuing materialism over religion and morality.22 Similarly, R.P. Kangle notes that these ideals are meant for individuals and that the conduct of public conduct was not to be guided by these rules for individual morality23. Management of the state necessitated realism, not idealism. It required the prudence and precise calculation of measures undertaken alongside their short and long-term consequences, which formulated the theoretical beginnings of economics Wealth will slip off from that childish man who constantly consults the stars the only guiding star of wealth is itself what can the stars of the sky do? Man, without wealth, does not get it even after a nose candy attempts. Just as elephants are needed to catch elephants, so does wealth capture more wealth24. Public welfa re was contingent upon the strength of the state. The latter was achieved by internal development or territorial expansion, both of which were realized through power25.8. The Arthashastra regards both economics and foreign policy as zero-sum games the state would need to thrive economically lest it be overtaken by wealthier imperialist neighbors or suffer from internal rebellion by discontented government officials and military leaders. Furthermore, internal development would course lead to population growth and would eventually necessitate expansion, which is why L.N. Rangarajan notes that the aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing with this logic, Kautilya deals in Book 7 with all the theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy.26 Hence, the prime motive of the state was the never-ending pursuit of artha. It is only after dedicating its energies to this end can the state or king then move on to fulfilling dharm a and kama.9. This Arthashastra is primarily a book of political realism where State is paramount and King shall carry out duties as advised in his book to preserve his state. For Kautilya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity27 and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Kautilyas work is so deep rooted in realism that he goes to describe the gory and brutal means a King must adopt to be in power. This could have been one reason why Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya whom Kautilya advised renounced violence and war thus taking the path of Dharma or Morals.10. I will also be making a few references to the other books of Arthashatra where topics of Management have been dealt with. The field of studys covered under Management include training, management education, leadership skills, picking of employees, consultation, crisis management, risk management, strategic management, corporate governance, information systems, i ntelligence network, competition, mergers and acquisitions, etc. among many others. Kautilya11. There are a large of theories as to who Chanakya, or Kautilya or Vishnugupta , was. Kautilya was an puzzling whose fountain is shrouded in mystery. However, all sources of Indian tradition Brahmin, Buddhist and Jain agree that Kautilya destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya on the throne of Magadha.12. One theory about his origin is that Chanakya was a Kerala Brahmin who somehow reached the court of the Nanda king at Pataliputra28. The next theory is that Chanakya was a North Indian Brahmin born and educated in Taxila29 and that he was physically ugly, had a disgusting complexion and his limbs were deformed. As per Jain tradition, his parents noticed that Chanakya was born with full set of dentition, a mark of future king. They had the teeth removed as either parent did not want him to become a King . He became a King maker instead.13. At a very early age little Chanakya started studying Vedas. He later also studied politics and economics. As a student and later a professor, the University of Taxila became Chanakyas breeding ground of acquiring knowledge in the practical and theoretical aspects on all walks of animation. However, with the Greek armies of Selucus threatening to invade India, and the various kingdoms in the subcontinent on the verge of war and aggression with each other, Chanakya left the university at Taxila, and proceeded in his own words to strengthen the country politically and economically and to save the country from the clutches of foreign invaders.14. In Magadha, Chanakya was insulted by the King of Patliputra, Dhana Nanda and he vowed to destroy the Nanda dynasty. He came upon Chandragupta and together, Chanakya and Chandragupta set about attacking the Nanda kingdom until finally Chandragupta was installed as the king of Magadha30. jibe to written tradition, Chanakya was a fearless person, not afraid of end, disg race or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and evil to schemers.15. Chanakya then retired from active life and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on statecraft31 unsatisfactory in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. For Chanakya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Thus came into being the Arthashastra. There is no doubt that this treatise is the work of a genius, who spoke of matters which have held relevance down the ages to contemporary times with striking infallibility. The military writings of Chanakya precede those of Machiavelli and Clausewitz by centuries but seldom has this fact been acknowledged much less credited outside India.The king who understands the interdependence of the six methods of foreign policy, plays, as he pleases, with other rulers bound to him by the chains of his intellect. KautilyaCHAPTER III KAUTILYAN FOREIGN POLICY Saptanga Concept Of State16. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent fractions of any state32 and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a foreign policy of expansion by conquest. Of the seven elements, six (the King, the ministers, the people, the fortified city, the Treasury and the army) are internal elements only the ally is an element outside the borders. The structure and plaque of the six internal elements of a well ordered state are fully developed and explained by Kautilya in books I to 5. The aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing this logic, Kautilya in Book 7 deaIs with all theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy. Before a King actually sets out on an exped ition of conquest he has to take steps to guard himself against the dangers which might weaken any of constituent elements of his own state. Kautilya uses the word calamity (vyasana) in the precise sense of any event which weakens any constituent element of a state, thereby preventing it from being to its full potential in the conduct of foreign policy or war33.17. This theory in one form or another (in part, as elements of national power), has survived to this very day as a sand of reflection and analysis of international politics. Kautilya enumerates the desirable qualities each of these elements should display and arcdegrees out, too, that his list of elements is arranged in descending order of importance each succeeding element is less important than the one before it, the king being most important of all. A ruler who possesses the elements of state and who wisely takes care of them will never be defeated, he says, and then devotes the whole of Book VIII34 to a systematic anal ysis of the troubles and calamities which might befall each one of these elements (in other words, to their malfunctioning).18. The king is the central point of analysis he strives to maintain and improve his position knowing that the determinants of status in international society are two power and happiness The possession of power and happiness in a greater degree makes a king superior to another in a lesser degree, middle-level and in an equal degree, equal. Hence a king shall always endeavour to extend his power and elevate his happiness.19. Neither power nor happiness is clearly or exhaustively defined or analysed. We know, however, that power is to be understood as strength and that it has three components35-(a) Mantrashakti Power of counsel, deliberation or decision-making, including capacity for intrigue.(b) Prabhushakti The treasury and the army.(c) Utsahashakti decide and determination.20. Thus power refers essentially to activity and application of the elements of the state, just mentioned. Happiness on the other hand is that which can be attained by the use of power. It is to some degree a measure of success of foreign policy and the implementation of its objectives, but it also indicates those qualities such as righteousness and also internal stability and not power alone that enter into the determination of international status.21. A kings position is not, however, unchanging his status relative to another king is variant and needs continuous attention. A king prevents deterioration in his position and secures an improvement (a desire for which is a built-in feature of the system) in two ways by attention to the elements of his power, and by external action. Kautilya enjoins the ruler to pursue power investment a wise king adopts policies that add to the resources of his country and enable him to wee-wee forts, to construct buildings and commercial roads, to open new plantations and villages, to exploit mines and timber and elephant forests , and at the same time to harass similar works of the enemy36. Status is also manifestly affected by successes in military and other fields, but the king is cautioned to rely on strengthening his own power before embarking upon foreign adventures. According to Kautilya, and here is one of the more interesting portions of his analysis, the kings status read national power determines his foreign policy. That policy differs according to whether it is directed toward kings who are superior, inferior or equal to him. The bulk of the international portions of the Arthashastra are a discussion of the policies that may be appropriately pursued by superior or inferior kings37. Postulates Of Foreign Policy22. As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nations38. While it is good to have an ally, the alliance will last only as long as it is in that a llys as well as ones own self-interest, because an ally looks to the securing of his own interests in the event of simultaneity of calamities and in the event of the growth of the enemys power39. Whether one goes to war or remains at peace depends entirely upon the self-interest of, or advantage to, ones kingdom War and peace are considered solely from the point of view of profit. One keeps an ally not because of good will or moral obligation, but because one is strong and can advance ones own self-interest as well as the self-interest of the ally, for when one has an army, ones ally remains friendly, or (even) the enemy becomes friendly.40 Because nations always act in their political, economic, and military self-interest, even times of peace have the potential to turn abruptly into times of war, allies into enemies, and even enemies into allies. Kautilya probably assumed that peaceful empires cannot last forever, and that conflict among smaller states is more common in history.23. For Kautilya, this principle of foreign policy that nations act in their political, economic, and military self-interest was a timeless truth of his science of politics, or arthasastra. He did not believe that nations never act in an altruistic manner indeed, Kautilya advocated humanitarian acts that also coincided with ones self-interest but he did believe that one must assume, if entrusted with political or military power that ones neighbours will eventually act in their own interests. Put another way, one would be betraying ones own people if one did not assume a worst-case scenario. A nation forced to rely on the kindness of neighbouring states is weak and, unless it can change rapidly, doomed to destruction.24. Arthashastra is concerned with the security and foreign policy needs of a small state, in an environment with numerous other small states. The scope for enlargement of this small state was limited to the Indian subcontinent. The area extending from the Himalayas in the north to the sea in the south and a thousand yojanas41 wide from East to West is the area of operation of the King-Emperor42. Territories beyond the subcontinent are not included, probably for the reason that the conqueror is expected to establish in the conquered territories a social order based on the Aryas dharma, varna and ashrama system. Kautilya perhaps considered the establishment of such a social order outside the limits of India impractical or even undesirable43.25. The guiding principles which govern the Kautilyan theory of foreign policy are44-(a) A king shall develop his state, i.e., augment its resources and power in order to enable him to embark on a campaign of conquest(b) The enemy shall be eliminated(c) Those who help are friends(d) A prudent course shall always be adopted(e) Peace is to be preferred to war and(f) A kings behaviour, in victory and in defeat, must be just.26. The first verse of 6.2, Sama vyayamau yogakshemayoryonih The welfare of a state ensuring the security of the state within its existing boundaries and acquiring new territory to enlarge it depends on adopting a policy of non-intervention or overt action establish the basis for all foreign policy.27. This non-intervention, a method designed to build up confidence between kings, is to be understood in a specialized sense. It is not a policy of doing nothing but the deliberate choice of a policy of keeping away from foreign entanglements, in order to enjoy the fruits of past acquisitions by consolidating them.28. Vyayama, (industry or activity) implies an active foreign policy, Yoga, the objective of enlargement of ones power and influence, and, through these, ones territory. These are the two stages of policy. Both depend on the state making progress, either materially in terms of its treasury and army or diplomatically in terms of its relations with other states.29. The problem of defence of a state is intimately bound up with the question of its foreign relations. It is fr om hostile states that the state needs to be defended. Foreign relations are mainly discussed from the stand point of the Vijigisu45. In other words, it seeks to show how a state, desirous of extending its influence and expanding its territory, should conduct its relations with foreign states. A states position is determined by its relative progress or relative decline vis-a-vis other states in the neighbourhood.30. The most important of a kings neighbours is the enemy. Among the states surrounding a kingdom, there is always one who is the natural enemy. Presumably, this is the one neighbour who has designs on the king and, in the absence of any action, will be out to attack the king. The other neighbours may be hostile (aribhavi), friendly (mitrabhavi) or vassal (bhrityabhavi). There may also be a small buffer state between the king and the enemy (antardih). However, the main target of the conqueror is always the designated natural enemy one cannot make peace with an enemy46. The r eason for many aspects of the analysis of foreign policy being couched in terms of the conqueror out manoeuvring the enemy, is that the enemy is also the target of the diplomacy of the conqueror. When the conditions are ripe, a military campaign will be undertaken against him.31. Allies are important in fact, allies are described as a constituent element of a state, the only external constituent. An alliance is based on giving help. A friend is ever a well-wisher47. Kautilya gives us a comprehensive analysis of the type of kings with whom an alliance is desirable and the types of allies based on their character and motivation.32. Since prudence should always govern choice of policy, Kautilya is against both spineless debut and foolhardy valour48. Therefore, peace should always be preferred to war When the degree of progress is the same in pursubloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein romance AnalysisMary Shelleys Frankenstein Romanticism AnalysisMary Shelleys Frankenstein uses many eleme nts of both Gothic literature and Romantic literature. Being written in 1818 the romance was placed well in the amorousistic era. Frankenstein uses very descriptive language to wee beautiful scenery but also dark suspenseful settings. The novel works very well to balance out the true chivalric nature of the novel with the romantic period in which it is set in. Frankenstein has a very dark underlying theme of death and revenge. There is also an incredible amount of emotion not only in the love schoolmaster experiences but also in the hatred the titan lets fester. There are many things that make Frankenstein a romantic novel, but the true underlying theme and the overpowering dark imagery is what makes Frankenstein a mediaeval novel.Frankenstein uses dark scenery to build suspense and foreshadow the events to come. When Victor is about to breathe life into the monster he describes how it was on a dreary darkness of November (Shelley, 34). This is a subtle sign that things ar e not about to go as planned. The birth of the monster will be a turning point in Victors life and one he will come to regret. Further in the same chapter the dark scenery tells the reader of Victors mistake. Victor states that he mat up impelled to hurry on, although drenched from the rain which poured from a black and comfortless sky. (Shelley, 36). The sky is a representation of Victors wrong doing. He should not have created life so easily and carelessly. Many black letter novels will have a setting like a castle to show that it is a gothic novel, however, Frankenstein is different. The novel requires the main characters to move around a lot and travel very far distances. In order to make up for this Mary Shelley uses an amazing amount of descriptive scenery, like the examples from chapter five, to show that it really is a gothic and not a romantic. Another gothic element that the novel has is the use of the supernatural. The monster in which Victor creates is made out of body parts which Victor had to collect and piece together. This makes the reader question whether or not they agree with Victors taboo practices. It is very dark to think about Victor digging up bodies to steal parts of them to use in a monster just so he can play God. It seems all too nonchalant in the novel but in reality, that would be horrendous.Shelleys novel is not only a gothic but also a critique and an exploration of the romantic genre. All through the novel it is clear to see that Victor Frankenstein is a true romantic. He is overflowing with emotion and in the end is consumed by it. Victor is always looking to the impossible he wants to create life in his own image. The romantics were always looking for a bigger, brighter future, but Victor wanted to create it. Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through and pour a torrent of life into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its creator and source (Shelley, 32). Victor is looking to become a God, he wants to create a new species that looks up to him as the almighty. This may be a critique on the romantics point of view. It is okay to look forward to a brighter future but what lengths would a man go to in order to create or mould that future. Through the novel, Victors whole life is torn apart by the monster which he created. In creating the future, he destroyed his own. All this horror and death is set in a very hopeful and beautiful setting. The way that Shelley describes the scenery is very romantic, but with the theme of death and revenge the setting feels more like a satire. Some people believe that Percy Shelley, a romantic writer and Mary Shelleys husband, had a large amount of influence on the novel. Others believe that he even wrote the book in her name. This could explain the romantic feel of the novel. However, if it was Mary Shelley who wrote it herself then it is a clear and obvious critique of the romantic era and the novel goes a lot deeper than o ne might think at first glance.Frankenstein was written in 1818 and it shows in the scenery and views on science. The way that Victor creates the monster is a reference to Giovanni Aldini. Aldini used electricity to make a slaughtered ox idea spasm and appear to move like it was alive. Victor creates the monster in such a way but the monster actually comes alive rather than twitching on a table. With an anxiety that almost amounted to agony, I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet. (Shelley, 34). Shelley wanted to create the same shock and horror that Aldini did when he made the ox head move in front of an audience. This shows just how misunderstood science was by the general public. Since many principles of science were misunderstood Shelley equated science to magic and it was believable. The novel also reveals how society was very unaccepting and cold. Victor is scared to reveal his creation f or fear that he would be called a monster for bringing such a horrific being to life. I avoided explanation and maintained a continual silence concerning the wretch I had created. I had a persuasion that I should be supposititious mad, and this in itself would forever have chained my tongue. (Shelley, 136). Victor cannot get the monster out of his head, he feels it must be kept a secret and a burden only he can bear. However, Victor is so caught up in keeping it a secret that everything he says sounds crazy. His own father thinks he is mad and Victor knows this. He is afraid that he will never be thought a credible scientist again if the world finds his creation.The way that Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein is very interesting and takes a few reads and some deeper research to understand. Upon first glance it appears a regular gothic about a monster and his creator, but after a few more reads one can see the deeper romantic influence and the critique of the romantic view. The novel i s a perfect gothic which relates itself to the society it was written for and the horror it looks to instil. The dark theme and questionable actions of the main character truly bring out the gothic nature in this novel. The way Victor tries to create the future he looks for is horrific and ultimately a failure. This is used to show that the romantics are dreamers and reality will create its own future. One man cannot create life and toy with the future so easily. Destiny cannot be escaped and dreaming of a better future is futile. The novel creates a feeling of despair in the reader. One can only hope for a better future and trying to create one like Victor will only end in catastrophe. This underlying, deeper meaning of the novel is what makes Frankenstein a true gothic novel.Works CitedShelley, Mary Frankenstein. New York Dover, 1994.Smith, Nicole. Elements of Romanticism in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. Article Myriad. Dec 6, 2011. http//www.articlemyriad.com/elements-romanticism -frankenstein/Gothic Literature. The Gothic Experience. Brooklyn College. October 24, 2002. http//academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/gothic/gothic.html

Reflection of Groupwork for Self-Awareness

Reflection of Group rick for Self-AwarenessINTRODUCTION Coming unneurotic is a beginning Keeping together is progress works together is success.Henry FordThis report describes the successful application of reflective education to promote critical self-awareness and improve both psyche and police squad performance, in a group project work mind for MSc in International Business Management at LJMU.Boyd and Fales (1983) defined contemplation asThe process of intern each(prenominal)y examining and exploring an issue of concern, triggered by an experience ,which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self and which results in a changed conceptual perspective.According to the suggestions of Kolb learning rhythm, i.e.Reflective observation (watching)Abstract conceptualization (thinking)Active experimentation (doing)Concrete experience (feeling)The team members engaged themselves in reflective practice of Assimilating, Organizing, Implementing and Executing the assessment on Burber ry case study. (Jennifer Annoon, 2000) mathematical group WORK ANALYSISMany professional bodies and educational quality institutions now require that students have proven experience of running(a) in groups or teams (Blease, 2006 in Kelly 2007).Hence forth we organise a group to invigilate the ch eitherenges and issues that the Trafford group was confronting. To compliment this, catholic youth council (1980) also state that when examining the relative success and failure amongst group works, the selection process may be a key variable in establishing criteria for successful group work.1. GROUP FORMATIONFor this social functionicular assessment, the group was christened by choice and acceptance i.e. students were given the liberty to select a peer and later on were clubbed with another team to form a clique. A group becomes a team when each member is sure enough of himself and his contri scarcelyion to praise the skills of the others. Initially group was formed with low level of contraventions and high level of group cohesion.The presentation was due in 3 weeks the roles were assigned, norms were laid and work was divided as a part of group contract. Scheduled meetings were altered at regular intervals considering team members availability and preferences. The members in the group had 4 attributes namely activist, reflector, pragmatist and theorist. Honey and Mumford linked Kolbs learning cycle with the personal attributes.4 MembersA(reflector)- reviewing and observationB(theorist)- developed thought process and conclusionC(pragmatist)- applied theory in practice with the existing ideasD(activist)- application through proceeding in a new circumstance with new ideas.2. GROUP DEVELOPMENTEffective teamwork plays a vital role in group development. The key factors which upshot the group are bout management, personality traits, individual performance and time managementShaw and Barrett Power (1998) explained group development and the creation of a productive w orking /learning with the help of a model showing the effect of diversity and small group processes on performance. The model reflects that a successful group work requires open communication, symbiosis, potent conflict management discussion of strategy and the appropriate weighing of individual inputs into decisions.Bruce Tuckman (1965) developed a four stage model of group development. He labeled the stages forming, storming, norming, performing and ten years later added a fifth stage called adjourning.In the send-off week, our group was in the forming stage. Initially all members were confused and uncertain in assessing the assigned work. We did the Big Five Locater (Kelly) personality test to assess the personality trait clusters of each individual in the team. This helped each member to analyze each other. Group contract helped us to overcome these barriers by defining the goals, establishing rules and getting acquainted to the task in hand. During the first week of discussio n, time consensus was a big issue, as couple of members had their vocations. There was constant atoning of the schedule, which had spilled the beans for a conflict. However according to Maddux R.B., (1998) conflict is healthy when it causes the group to search new ideas, test their standards and beliefs and stretch their imagination. When conflict is dealt constructively, people can be stimulated to great creativity, which will fail to a wider choice of action and soften results. Another important aspect was that the group was more into planning than execution (Schon, 1983). In the later part of the second week the group progressed well by understanding each other and got settled down as an appeased group.A whole brained approach for development and execution is an essential constituent to stimulated abundant term productivity (Eales-White,2005). This approach was taken by the group members by applying a variety of different learning abilities towards common objectives which was more focused and integrated, which helped in enhancing the Burberry case study. With a combination of formal and informal practices group gained a potential competitive advantage while performing.3. CRITICAL EVALUATION AND REFLECTIONSGroup conflict is essential for a groups cohesion. It helps groups identify areas of common values provides group stability through shared beliefs, helps to balance the difference between extreme ideologies and helps to clarify roles and structures frequently.If managed constructively, conflict can be a strong indicator of the groups effectiveness(Mary Holz-Clause, 1996)IssuesTime ConsensusOne of the serious hurdle faced by the members during the discussions were meeting the time requirement. Although all had opined to meet on an agreed time. The attendance was really an impeding factor. There was constant atoning of the schedule which resulted in frequent feuds between the members giving rise to clouds of disharmony amid group.Cold warThe transmission of information and exchange of meaning between two or more people is communication and lack of which can lead to ambiguous situations, where people may differ in the reception of intended meanings (Buchanan and Huczynski ).We were initially distracted by the pall of uncertainty that was prevailing due to steamed interpersonal misconceptions. The group was deprived of amiable and cordial environment as none were gelling together.The varied attributes and behavioural differences among the members of the group proved to be significance for the meetings but at the same time, differences in ideologies and perceptions lead to clashes.Personal CommitmentsAnother persistent worry was the prior commitment of the members. Couple of them were employed and we found it really dispute to have their presence in the meeting during the initial stages of the discussions. They had irregular shifts which aggravated the situation furthermore.Lack of AcceptanceMembers were too much into there own fin dings that they gave less(prenominal) importance to others work.REFLECTIONSThe recurring issues had to be solved and the garbage can model (Cohen, March and Olsen, 1972) was used which suggests a scenario where decisions have a random element to them. For an effective decision to be reached, the problems and solutions had to come together. Bringing them together was a challenge. Developing the ability to identify relevant problems and seeking radical solutions by bringing the objurgate people together at the right time. In order for them to reach the sometimes radical decisions that will be needed in often turbulent environment (Ian Brooks, 1999).ConclusionREFERENCEBROOKS, Ian and Cohen etal.(1999).Decision making.Organisational behaviour-individuals, groups and the organisation,Pearson Education.edi.5.p.32BUCHANAN, David and HUCZYNSKI, Andrzej(2004).chapter6Communication.Organisational communication- commitment and propaganda,Pearson Education.p.207CLAUSE Mary Holz.(1996), http//w ww.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/wholefarm/html/c6- 55.html, date accessed 23/03/08

Deforestation Cause and Effects

De forestation Cause and EffectsModern predictions and indicators paint a bleak outlook for the planet and unfortunately it is solely in all due to human actions. disforestation and the spread of barren, arid and useless res publica is increasing in pace and we ar the only ones who can call it to a halt. The questions that need answering quickly before it is too late are how and when. When is obvious, unless we act immediately we depart be too late, how is less clear barely unless we find the answers soon thusly we could find ourselves left with nothing but a arid infertile desert of a planet and sooner than you energy think.Perhaps we can blame the men who cut down or burn huge swathes of forest and watch the animals flee to die of starvation later on their stem and food supply has been destroyed, or those who profit from their actions. Only someone who was insane would do such a thing surely? You certainly wouldnt motivation to be associated with those that were involv ed in such squaresale destruction and slaughter and certainly wouldnt be involved yourself, right?Deforestation for ProfitForests contain more valuable internal resources and the land they cover is also valuable to an ever-increasing human population. People suck up been making use of these resources ever since we first appeared. Deforestation is a way of making a living, the timber can be sold, and the land can be used for growing crops or grazing herds or to add land for homes and businesses. Why is this allowed to happen?Those people that are entrusted by us with the planet are those who are destroying it. Governments give permits and l grumpnses to those who have the money to buy them they then strip the land and make their money. The governments are often poor and the land is more valuable to large corporations than used for conservation and tourism. But these governments are ex channel off the planets life support system and that cannot continue.We may be frustrated in the face of such insurmountable obstacles but we can challenge these large corporations by refusing to buy their products and lobby governments to protect forested areas. If overflowing people say no then they will be forced to act. The planet has been entrusted to all of us and it is up to us to save it stock-still now at the 11th hour it isnt too late. Even small actions if done by enough people add up to a massive effect.Reversing DeforestationNature on the whole is resilient and bounces back extremely fast if given the chance. except forests are slow to re grow and mature. Once the soil has been eroded it could organize centuries for it to build up again and start supporting anywhere shape up the diversity of life it once did. Millions of species have been wiped out never to be seen again in fact most were never seen by human look before being driven to extinction.This does not mean we should not try to protect and restore these amazing and diverse habitats, which do so m uch for us and ask only to be left to exist in return.What is Deforestation?In recent times, mankind has felt the wrath of nature. More and more natural disasters are taking place due to human induced climate change. This has lead to an increasing awareness of our impact on the planet we call home and its natural resources. Forests are some of our most abused habitats due to the fact that timberland is a raw material with a wide range of uses and receive virtually al of our basic needs secernateicularly food, fuel and shelter.Another important influencing factor for deforestation is the need for more land, so forests are exculpated to make way for industrial development, housing or agriculture (either laststock or crops) or even a dump.By DefinitionDeforestation is the clear or removal of trees from an area of woodland or forest for legion(predicate) differing reason usually commercial. Deforestation usually doesnt apply to cases where the trees are replaced, usually as sapli ngs, in the same or alternative location in order to replace those that were cut down. Also usually refers to large scale clearing of whole areas rather than limited or selective clearing.Man has cut down trees since we first appeared, changing and adapting the purlieu to suit our needs in order to abide the things we require to live successfully. For kindling, shelter, weapons and in more modern times paper, furniture and housing. Thousands upon thousands of acres of forest have disappeared realnesswide to fill our insatiable appetite for wood and land, yet they also have to meet the demands of the vast studyity of the worlds other species both plant and animal.Raising ConsciousnessHumans are roused to action when an unloose directly affects them. This is undoubtedly the reason people are more aware than ever of the effects of deforestation as more and more people perform affected by climate change and extreme weather events.It is these effects that are the most effective way of showing people the benefits forests post and wherefore it is so vital the petty(a) we have left be protected at all costs. The depletion of the forests has a number of detrimental effects on the environment and climate. There are two main thrusts to this argument. The first is the environmental services that forests provide such as maintaining our atmosphere and slowing global warming and protect us from floods. The second is the need to ensure a reliable and sustainable supply of natural resources. I.e. if they are being used and managed properly and ensuring reforestation occurs. prime(prenominal) the environmental benefits forests help maintain the balance of floates in the atmosphere particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide. The trees baron to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and confine it is our most important weapon in the battle against climate change. Cutting down and animated trees releases the green house gas back into the atmosphere decline in quality the problem. It is these green house gases that are causing global warming and extreme weather events.In many cases the timber is simply burned to clear the land quickly which is the worst possible thing to do especially when it could be put to good use providing for those who might be in need of it. in conclusion woodland traps water and act as sponges when water levels are wealthyly reducing the chances of flooding.Why does Deforestation Happen?We are now learning the consequences of severe to battle against nature, yet change is slow and we are still abusing the natural world. With our experience we should be doing all we can to stop further deforestation so why does deforestation continue despite the harm we know it does to the environment and thus ourselves?The answers are not straightforward but undoubtedly lie with us and our desperate need for the resources the forest provides. The needs of a massive human population have to be met daily putting the natural world on a lower floor enormous pressure. We constantly look for new ways to gear up what we need faster and more efficiently. But the more efficiently we exploit nature the quick natural resources are used up and disappear. This leads to new ways of getting what we need or finding new resources to exploit depleting the natural world even faster, its a vicious cycle that leads to the devastation of our beautiful planet.The Global Man Made PhenomenonMan has been clearing woodland since ancient times but it is deep in the last century that the worlds forests and rainforests have been dramatically reduced shrinking in size year on year at an ever more furious pace. Until fairly recently there was little real opposition from the public or government as the seemed to be no real feasible alternatives and so it continues to this day.Land is a finite commodity in a world with an ever-growing human population. Developed land is worth far more than forest so the forest is clear to make way for larg e-scale development and agriculture. Wood is unfortunately worth nothing standing growing in a forest but far more as a piece of paper, furniture or even a house. Profit driven by the high demand for these resources is the reason these forests are disappearing.There are many resources which can be gathered from the forest such as food and medicines though the main product is wood which has a wide variety of uses from paper to a building material and even as a fuel. With impound having such a number of uses and a strong demand then it should have a strong impact on economic growth. But forest values are actually falling, a surprising trend given that forests are fast disappearing and mans pr equal to(p)sity towards exploiting limited resources for profit.Why Does Deforestation Result in ravaging?Experts dont see deforestation as an all-bad thing as long as it is done in an environmentally sensitive and sustainable way. It is a matter of on the alert delayling how and where you cl ear areas of forest. A small area of clearing provides opportunities for opportunistic species and is quickly recolonized and breaks in the canopy quickly filled.Large areas take longer to recolonise and carve up areas of forest previously joined. They also allow the wind and rain to erode the soil making recolonization by forest plants much harder. Rain forests typically have very thin soil which is held in place by the roots of the giant trees and with out which quickly disappears.Wildlife that lives in the forest cannot survive in the open and so has to retreat with the forest or if it cannot die. Under the canopy is a moist dank warm environment as the plants trap the heat and wet from escaping, without these very specific conditions, which exist in few other places many species are unable to survive.So who is the culprit? You we all play a part in deforestation to a lesser or greater degree though the choices we make when shopping daily. We cant point the blame solely on gover nments and big corporations though they certainly play a big part but it is our willingness to block out the knowledge of where the things we buy come from and how they are produced that substance they can carry on destroying the earth and it is unlikely to stop until we make it with our consumer choices.Effects of DeforestationHumans have always and probably always will depended on forests to a lesser or greater degree. Trees provide food, shelter from the elements and predators not just to humans but the vast majority of life on land. Unfortunately the forests resources and appeal is its downfall.Deforestation is probably one of the greatest challenges we face. We need the forests to maintain the atmosphere alongside the burning of fogey fuels our destruction of the forests is a major contributory factor to the rising levels of carbon dioxide and global warming, the effects of which we are only now beginning to feel.Large-scale deforestation for agricultural and industrial purp oses transforms rich and diverse habitat in barren arid land. The resources are quickly repeated and another massive are of forest has to be destroyed to provide yet more. The damage to the land and soil has been done and little can grow on these areas once they have been finished with. Deforestation needs to be stopped before we end up with a planet that is little more than an arid wasteland incapable of supporting life.Effects of Deforestation on the EnvironmentRainforests are the richest and most diverse areas on the planet and are home to the vast majority of the worlds species, many yet to be seen or categorize by science. Any one can wander into a rainforest and will fairly quickly discover a new species.This biodiversity took many millions of long time to evolve and can be destroyed with the swipe of a powerful saw. There is no possibility of getting back the estimated 50,000 species that go extinct every year a that is increasing. The chance to explore this forest world is disappearing fast and wont come again once its gone, a chance in store(predicate) generations wont thank us for denying them.Not only are countless species being lost but also the chance to increase or knowledge of the world, chemicals and medicines unknown to science are out waiting to be discovered. The preservation of the rainforest also means the chance to explore these opportunities and make new discoveries and resurrect human knowledge.Effects of Deforestation on SocietyThe indigenous people, whose home and way of life is turned upside down by the arrival of the lumber lorries, will feel much of the effects of deforestation. They survive by living in harmony with the forest and its inhabitants but are often forced to advance or change their way of living in order to survive. This displacement of people and the consequent loss of that culture makes the human race a little poorer. Those that live on the edges of the forest are also affected, as they can no longer gather reso urces from it for themselves.These people are unused to living in towns and cities a totally alien culture and are unlikely to have the money, skills or education to make a decent living having learned to live off the land.Nature cannot be completely replaced by our own efforts even after all our recent advances in technology she does it better than us. Nature serves us in far better ways than the best designed structures and industry, yet we treat her with nothing but contempt and unless we stop the consequences will be dire.Deforestation and Climate ChangeThroughout history forests have spread and retreated as the environment changed now they are fast disappearing. They shelter the vast majority of land animals and hold most of the land biodiversity. These beautiful and complex ecosystems are essential to the environment and help to regulate the atmosphere. Hence deforestation and climate change are closely connected and have the ability to control one another.Unfortunately the fo rests, which should be our first line of defense against rising carbon dioxide levels, are vanishing rapidly. 80% of our previously forested areas are gone drastically reducing the planets ability to absorb carbon dioxide and contributing to the high levels of the green house gas by releasing it after being cut down making the situation worse. The fact that deforestation can further affect the atmosphere should confidence game us into action to prevent any further reduction in the worlds forests. We will just be adding to the devastating effects of climate change if we dont take action to stop further deforestation.Major Carbon StorehousesIt has become increasingly apparent that forests play a vital role in climate control by storing carbon and water and recycling it. It is a fact that the destruction of green areas is a contributory factor in climate change and eliminates their ability to regulate the climate. It has been estimate the 18% of all carbon emissions come from deforest ation and we are effectively turning our prize weapon against global warming against ourselves instead. mature forests are the largest stores of carbon dioxide though all plants store carbon. Other stores include the soil, vegetation frozen underneath the arctic permafrost even the algae in the sea. The world largest forests such as the Amazon represent our largest carbon stores, its destruction would undoubted lead to quick and devastating climate change.Carbon is released from plant life through burning and natural decay. Burning releases the carbon much faster and more efficiently than natural decay or rotting. If left to nature plants will rot soft especially large trees and the carbon is often buried and the carbon trapped below ground where it slowly fossilizes to produce various compounds depending upon the conditions ranging from diamonds to fossil fuels over many millennia. This whole process traps the carbon and prevents it entering the atmosphere. Deforestation prevents this natural process from taking pace.Climate ChangeA combination of deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels releasing much larger amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than would occur naturally whilst simultaneously disabling the planets ability to absorb and cope with this influx in green house gases has lead to the current climate changes and noticeable global warming. The main effects of climate change have been a rise in temperature throughout the year leading to widespread environmental change species moving their ranges further north to follow the increase in temperature. Melting of the polar ice caps leads to a reduction in range for polar species. A consequent rise in sea levels leads to flooding of low lying land. More unwarranted and extreme weather systems lead to the devastation of affected areas and causing huge loss of life.This isnt a prediction of what will happen in the future its natural event now and maybe irreversible already. So now an immediate damage limitation exercise need to take place to ensure the climate doesnt get out of control this has to involve the protection and restoration of the worlds forests.Effects of deforestation. Retrieved Feb 15, 2010, from http//www.effects-of-deforestation.com/

Technology in the Classroom Essay -- Technology Education

Computers play a large role in todays society, inside and outside of classrooms. Like many forms of technology, they have the power to hinder students learning in achieving goals in higher education classrooms. In her essay Lest We esteem the transmutation is a Revolution Images of Technology and the Nature of Change, Cynthia Selfe, a Humanities Distinguished Professor at The Ohio State University, discusses the continuous argument about the personal effects that computers have on education due to change in technology. As a college student, I am able to closely relate to various statements she makes because I deal with these issues on a daily basis. Thus, the subject of computers in higher education classrooms is a controversial to many people. However, I do not opine that computer technology is a necessity in classrooms.While growing up, it is apparent that students have always had the opportunity to engage in technology in classrooms. As a child, I remember computers in the scho ol library at a very young age. Therefore, I was able to type, search the web, and do various other things on a computer. However, one would think that as students progressed and advanced to higher grades that the technology would also advance and become more intriguing however, it did not. Students have primarily been utilizing the same types of technology in classrooms for years on end and no problems have arisen from that. However, other forms of technology could potentially be reusable in classrooms such as projectors, smart boards, and tools that teachers are familiar with to use. If new forms of technology are not a major necessity, why spend the bullion to buy them and the time on them? Also, if a student is not planning to make a career out of utilizing ... ...y. Lest We Think the Revolution Is a Revolution Images of Technology and the Nature of Change Cynthia Selfe. From Inquiry to Academic Writing a Text and Reader. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. Print. Wurst, Chris tian, Claudia Smarkola, and Mary Anne Gaffney. Ubiquitous Laptop Usage in high Education Effects on Student Achievement, Student Satisfaction, and Constructivist Measures in Honors and Traditional Classrooms. Jan. 2008. Web. 16 July 2008.

GentleHands by M.E. Kerr :: essays research papers

What would you do if your Grandfather were charge of being a sadist in WWII? Thats scarcely what transcended to Buddy Boyle. Gentlehands by M.E. Kerr is about Buddy Boyle, a lower class man who lives year-round in Seaville, and Skye Pennington, a rich girl who only spends her summer there. Skye and Buddy fall in love. On one of their dates, Buddy decides that they should go to his grandfathers house. Near the end of the summer, Buddys grandfather is accused of torturing people during WWII. Buddy and Skyes love leads into many events in this book. One of the events that Buddy and Skyes love causes, is Buddy getting in bring out with his parents. At dinner one night, Buddy keeps tell his family about how wonderful Skyes house is. His father gets annoyed and asks him to step outside for a talk. in one case outside, Buddys dad starts to beat him. What is was a punch to my neck, so hard I fell down from the weight of it. Although he knows what will happen when he goes out with Sky e, he still goes out. Another event that their love leads to is Buddy getting to know his grandfather. On one of their first dates he wants to go somewhere special, so he chose to go to his grandfathers house. After that day, he becomes close to his grandfather. He starts to live with his grandfather. If Buddy never met Skye, he plausibly wouldnt have became close to his grandfather. Despite the relationship between Buddy and his Skye, Buddys little brother was suffering. Buddy promised Streaker, his brother that he would go to the bay with him. Instead, he told him that he would turn the sprinkler on for him. Then I stuck two dimes in his piggy bank because I felt like a real rat.

Galileo Essay -- essays research papers

Galileo"Whereas Galileo spent his last days under house revert and was formallycondemned by the Church for his scientific views, the elder Darwin was widelyrespected by the Anglican Church and was buried at the Westminster Abbey, anhonor reserved for totally the most illustrious personages of Great Britain. Thereason for the two scientists very different fortunes is simple Galileocouldnt prove the Copernican hypothesis but Darwin was able to demonstrate the right of his theory of evolution." In the world of Galileo proof was what wasneeded to succeed with a scientific hypothesis. In the world of Darwin proofwas not needed for a scientific hypothesis to succeed. There were umteendifferences in the worlds of these two great scientists that lead to thereaction to their respective scientific hypothesize. It was not their beliefsalone that led to their peers views it was also the flair each of them conductedthemselves. Galileo worked his way to become a respected scientist by most ofthe intellectual community but he was also despised by many because of his patronizeground and because of his attitude towards others. Darwin was wellrespected by the intellectual community, but the difference was the way theyconducted themselves when they were dealing with their hypothesizes.Galileos Hypothesis     Galileo was well known for standing up for what he believed in andpushing the things he wanted. He was constantly writing letters and engaging indebates over the return key of Copernicanism. Galileos entire reason for doing thiswas to realise the scientific and religious communities accept that Copernicanismwas actually a fact and that there was enough proof to believe it. One exampleof the way Galileo strongly pushed his beliefs on others was the way he preachedCopernicanism to the people of Rome in 1615. While he was in Rome trying toimprove the churchs opinion of him, Galileo was also debating the Aristoteliansover this issue and beating them at their own game. Because of his naturaltalent for debate and because of his intelligence was able to outwit theAristotelians in these debates. Galileo acted this way because he believed thathe was in a position to make these kinds of statements without getting on thewrong side of the church. These actions show that Galileo was very insistentupon his ideas and upon what othe... ...did not have to be subject to the approval of the CatholicChurch.     Darwin and Galileo were very different men who are both remembered asgreat scientists of their times. While Galileo was condemned for his effortsDarwin was remembered as a hero. This was because of their different methods ofpresenting their ideas. Galileo was a fighter who would not back down from afight until he was pitted against the Vatican and faced with excommunication.He tactics caused many people to despise him in his time, which lead to the banof his set aside on Copernicanism. While Darwin preferred t o work in his home andhave others fight his battles for him. It was because of Darwins passivepromotion of his book that he made very some enemies when compared to Galileo.If Galileo was more like Darwin he may have been better off at the time of hisdeath.     While much of the Copernican theory is know as fact now there is still adebate over Darwinism. This is because it has yet to be proven definitively.Darwin was still honored for his contribution of this theory because he did itin a scientific manner and did not impose his opinion onto others.

Acting and Identity in Sizwe Banzi is Dead and in Death and the Kings

Both Sizwe Bansi is Dead, (written by Athol Fugard in collaboration with John Kani and Winston Ntshona) and Death and the Kings equestrian (written by Wole Soyinka) are both set in South Africa, in two important and significant cultural moment for the country. Swize Bansi is Dead tells the difficult ingenuousness of Africa under apartheid (1950s), analysing the complex issue of identicalness in that time. The rules of Apartheid meant that people were legally classified into a racial group, mainly Black and White, and separated from each others. This discrepancy restricted black people from being able to vote, having medical care, education, or other public services, and if when, in rare cases these were possible, they still were of a lot subordinate compared to what white people were entitled to. Not only Black people were thus deprived of their write as human beings, as persons, but what roughly suggested that theyd lost their identities is that all of them had to have an ide ntity operator book. This item, insert them into a system of figures, where each one of them wasnt identified by a name anymore, they were recognized and registered by a number. This is a very important issue of the play, in fact the focal point is to show us how irrelevant the name and the identity had become for those people. Is your name your identity? And if not, is it possible to maintain a stable and truthful inside identity when deprived of all signs of uniqueness such as your own name?This theme is very much confronted in Sizwe Bansi is Dead. The main character, Sizwe Bansi is forced into talking a terrible decision. Taking a dead mans identity book, wherefore stealing his official identity, to be able to get on with his life and keep in contact with his f... ...the characters show how loosing their write to vote and therefore express their opinion, and especially having to carry an identity booklet all the time ( in force(p) because of the colour of their skin) can gen erate an inside crisis on ones identity. Is our identity determined by our name? Can we change name and be able to keep a stable identity? This play also raises the issue of being actors, just to survive in the society they lived in. Not being able to show their feelings and their disappointment at any time, obliged them to smile, sing, and fake.These issues are also raised in Death and the Kings Horseman, but more with showing how important and determinant our culture is for our personal identity. Thus, living in an era where this one is changing, because of the rough deceitfulness of a new one, can torn ones personality, making them doubt all of their beliefs.